Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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r"""TELNET client class.
Based on RFC 854: TELNET Protocol Specification, by J. Postel and
J. Reynolds
Example:
>>> from telnetlib import Telnet
>>> tn = Telnet('www.python.org', 79) # connect to finger port
>>> tn.write(b'guido\r\n')
>>> print(tn.read_all())
Login Name TTY Idle When Where
guido Guido van Rossum pts/2 <Dec 2 11:10> snag.cnri.reston..
>>>
Note that read_all() won't read until eof -- it just reads some data
-- but it guarantees to read at least one byte unless EOF is hit.
It is possible to pass a Telnet object to a selector in order to wait until
more data is available. Note that in this case, read_eager() may return b''
even if there was data on the socket, because the protocol negotiation may have
eaten the data. This is why EOFError is needed in some cases to distinguish
between "no data" and "connection closed" (since the socket also appears ready
for reading when it is closed).
To do:
- option negotiation
- timeout should be intrinsic to the connection object instead of an
option on one of the read calls only
"""
# Imported modules
import sys
import socket
import selectors
from time import monotonic as _time
__all__ = ["Telnet"]
# Tunable parameters
DEBUGLEVEL = 0
# Telnet protocol defaults
TELNET_PORT = 23
# Telnet protocol characters (don't change)
IAC = bytes([255]) # "Interpret As Command"
DONT = bytes([254])
DO = bytes([253])
WONT = bytes([252])
WILL = bytes([251])
theNULL = bytes([0])
SE = bytes([240]) # Subnegotiation End
NOP = bytes([241]) # No Operation
DM = bytes([242]) # Data Mark
BRK = bytes([243]) # Break
IP = bytes([244]) # Interrupt process
AO = bytes([245]) # Abort output
AYT = bytes([246]) # Are You There
EC = bytes([247]) # Erase Character
EL = bytes([248]) # Erase Line
GA = bytes([249]) # Go Ahead
SB = bytes([250]) # Subnegotiation Begin
# Telnet protocol options code (don't change)
# These ones all come from arpa/telnet.h
BINARY = bytes([0]) # 8-bit data path
ECHO = bytes([1]) # echo
RCP = bytes([2]) # prepare to reconnect
SGA = bytes([3]) # suppress go ahead
NAMS = bytes([4]) # approximate message size
STATUS = bytes([5]) # give status
TM = bytes([6]) # timing mark
RCTE = bytes([7]) # remote controlled transmission and echo
NAOL = bytes([8]) # negotiate about output line width
NAOP = bytes([9]) # negotiate about output page size
NAOCRD = bytes([10]) # negotiate about CR disposition
NAOHTS = bytes([11]) # negotiate about horizontal tabstops
NAOHTD = bytes([12]) # negotiate about horizontal tab disposition
NAOFFD = bytes([13]) # negotiate about formfeed disposition
NAOVTS = bytes([14]) # negotiate about vertical tab stops
NAOVTD = bytes([15]) # negotiate about vertical tab disposition
NAOLFD = bytes([16]) # negotiate about output LF disposition
XASCII = bytes([17]) # extended ascii character set
LOGOUT = bytes([18]) # force logout
BM = bytes([19]) # byte macro
DET = bytes([20]) # data entry terminal
SUPDUP = bytes([21]) # supdup protocol
SUPDUPOUTPUT = bytes([22]) # supdup output
SNDLOC = bytes([23]) # send location
TTYPE = bytes([24]) # terminal type
EOR = bytes([25]) # end or record
TUID = bytes([26]) # TACACS user identification
OUTMRK = bytes([27]) # output marking
TTYLOC = bytes([28]) # terminal location number
VT3270REGIME = bytes([29]) # 3270 regime
X3PAD = bytes([30]) # X.3 PAD
NAWS = bytes([31]) # window size
TSPEED = bytes([32]) # terminal speed
LFLOW = bytes([33]) # remote flow control
LINEMODE = bytes([34]) # Linemode option
XDISPLOC = bytes([35]) # X Display Location
OLD_ENVIRON = bytes([36]) # Old - Environment variables
AUTHENTICATION = bytes([37]) # Authenticate
ENCRYPT = bytes([38]) # Encryption option
NEW_ENVIRON = bytes([39]) # New - Environment variables
# the following ones come from
# http://www.iana.org/assignments/telnet-options
# Unfortunately, that document does not assign identifiers
# to all of them, so we are making them up
TN3270E = bytes([40]) # TN3270E
XAUTH = bytes([41]) # XAUTH
CHARSET = bytes([42]) # CHARSET
RSP = bytes([43]) # Telnet Remote Serial Port
COM_PORT_OPTION = bytes([44]) # Com Port Control Option
SUPPRESS_LOCAL_ECHO = bytes([45]) # Telnet Suppress Local Echo
TLS = bytes([46]) # Telnet Start TLS
KERMIT = bytes([47]) # KERMIT
SEND_URL = bytes([48]) # SEND-URL
FORWARD_X = bytes([49]) # FORWARD_X
PRAGMA_LOGON = bytes([138]) # TELOPT PRAGMA LOGON
SSPI_LOGON = bytes([139]) # TELOPT SSPI LOGON
PRAGMA_HEARTBEAT = bytes([140]) # TELOPT PRAGMA HEARTBEAT
EXOPL = bytes([255]) # Extended-Options-List
NOOPT = bytes([0])
# poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file descriptor,
# contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single syscall).
if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'):
_TelnetSelector = selectors.PollSelector
else:
_TelnetSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
class Telnet:
"""Telnet interface class.
An instance of this class represents a connection to a telnet
server. The instance is initially not connected; the open()
method must be used to establish a connection. Alternatively, the
host name and optional port number can be passed to the
constructor, too.
Don't try to reopen an already connected instance.
This class has many read_*() methods. Note that some of them
raise EOFError when the end of the connection is read, because
they can return an empty string for other reasons. See the
individual doc strings.
read_until(expected, [timeout])
Read until the expected string has been seen, or a timeout is
hit (default is no timeout); may block.
read_all()
Read all data until EOF; may block.
read_some()
Read at least one byte or EOF; may block.
read_very_eager()
Read all data available already queued or on the socket,
without blocking.
read_eager()
Read either data already queued or some data available on the
socket, without blocking.
read_lazy()
Read all data in the raw queue (processing it first), without
doing any socket I/O.
read_very_lazy()
Reads all data in the cooked queue, without doing any socket
I/O.
read_sb_data()
Reads available data between SB ... SE sequence. Don't block.
set_option_negotiation_callback(callback)
Each time a telnet option is read on the input flow, this callback
(if set) is called with the following parameters :
callback(telnet socket, command, option)
option will be chr(0) when there is no option.
No other action is done afterwards by telnetlib.
"""
def __init__(self, host=None, port=0,
timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
"""Constructor.
When called without arguments, create an unconnected instance.
With a hostname argument, it connects the instance; port number
and timeout are optional.
"""
self.debuglevel = DEBUGLEVEL
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.timeout = timeout
self.sock = None
self.rawq = b''
self.irawq = 0
self.cookedq = b''
self.eof = 0
self.iacseq = b'' # Buffer for IAC sequence.
self.sb = 0 # flag for SB and SE sequence.
self.sbdataq = b''
self.option_callback = None
if host is not None:
self.open(host, port, timeout)
def open(self, host, port=0, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
"""Connect to a host.
The optional second argument is the port number, which
defaults to the standard telnet port (23).
Don't try to reopen an already connected instance.
"""
self.eof = 0
if not port:
port = TELNET_PORT
self.host = host
self.port = port
self.timeout = timeout
sys.audit("telnetlib.Telnet.open", self, host, port)
self.sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout)
def __del__(self):
"""Destructor -- close the connection."""
self.close()
def msg(self, msg, *args):
"""Print a debug message, when the debug level is > 0.
If extra arguments are present, they are substituted in the
message using the standard string formatting operator.
"""
if self.debuglevel > 0:
print('Telnet(%s,%s):' % (self.host, self.port), end=' ')
if args:
print(msg % args)
else:
print(msg)
def set_debuglevel(self, debuglevel):
"""Set the debug level.
The higher it is, the more debug output you get (on sys.stdout).
"""
self.debuglevel = debuglevel
def close(self):
"""Close the connection."""
sock = self.sock
self.sock = None
self.eof = True
self.iacseq = b''
self.sb = 0
if sock:
sock.close()
def get_socket(self):
"""Return the socket object used internally."""
return self.sock
def fileno(self):
"""Return the fileno() of the socket object used internally."""
return self.sock.fileno()
def write(self, buffer):
"""Write a string to the socket, doubling any IAC characters.
Can block if the connection is blocked. May raise
OSError if the connection is closed.
"""
if IAC in buffer:
buffer = buffer.replace(IAC, IAC+IAC)
sys.audit("telnetlib.Telnet.write", self, buffer)
self.msg("send %r", buffer)
self.sock.sendall(buffer)
def read_until(self, match, timeout=None):
"""Read until a given string is encountered or until timeout.
When no match is found, return whatever is available instead,
possibly the empty string. Raise EOFError if the connection
is closed and no cooked data is available.
"""
n = len(match)
self.process_rawq()
i = self.cookedq.find(match)
if i >= 0:
i = i+n
buf = self.cookedq[:i]
self.cookedq = self.cookedq[i:]
return buf
if timeout is not None:
deadline = _time() + timeout
with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
while not self.eof:
if selector.select(timeout):
i = max(0, len(self.cookedq)-n)
self.fill_rawq()
self.process_rawq()
i = self.cookedq.find(match, i)
if i >= 0:
i = i+n
buf = self.cookedq[:i]
self.cookedq = self.cookedq[i:]
return buf
if timeout is not None:
timeout = deadline - _time()
if timeout < 0:
break
return self.read_very_lazy()
def read_all(self):
"""Read all data until EOF; block until connection closed."""
self.process_rawq()
while not self.eof:
self.fill_rawq()
self.process_rawq()
buf = self.cookedq
self.cookedq = b''
return buf
def read_some(self):
"""Read at least one byte of cooked data unless EOF is hit.
Return b'' if EOF is hit. Block if no data is immediately
available.
"""
self.process_rawq()
while not self.cookedq and not self.eof:
self.fill_rawq()
self.process_rawq()
buf = self.cookedq
self.cookedq = b''
return buf
def read_very_eager(self):
"""Read everything that's possible without blocking in I/O (eager).
Raise EOFError if connection closed and no cooked data
available. Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise.
Don't block unless in the midst of an IAC sequence.
"""
self.process_rawq()
while not self.eof and self.sock_avail():
self.fill_rawq()
self.process_rawq()
return self.read_very_lazy()
def read_eager(self):
"""Read readily available data.
Raise EOFError if connection closed and no cooked data
available. Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise.
Don't block unless in the midst of an IAC sequence.
"""
self.process_rawq()
while not self.cookedq and not self.eof and self.sock_avail():
self.fill_rawq()
self.process_rawq()
return self.read_very_lazy()
def read_lazy(self):
"""Process and return data that's already in the queues (lazy).
Raise EOFError if connection closed and no data available.
Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise. Don't block
unless in the midst of an IAC sequence.
"""
self.process_rawq()
return self.read_very_lazy()
def read_very_lazy(self):
"""Return any data available in the cooked queue (very lazy).
Raise EOFError if connection closed and no data available.
Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise. Don't block.
"""
buf = self.cookedq
self.cookedq = b''
if not buf and self.eof and not self.rawq:
raise EOFError('telnet connection closed')
return buf
def read_sb_data(self):
"""Return any data available in the SB ... SE queue.
Return b'' if no SB ... SE available. Should only be called
after seeing a SB or SE command. When a new SB command is
found, old unread SB data will be discarded. Don't block.
"""
buf = self.sbdataq
self.sbdataq = b''
return buf
def set_option_negotiation_callback(self, callback):
"""Provide a callback function called after each receipt of a telnet option."""
self.option_callback = callback
def process_rawq(self):
"""Transfer from raw queue to cooked queue.
Set self.eof when connection is closed. Don't block unless in
the midst of an IAC sequence.
"""
buf = [b'', b'']
try:
while self.rawq:
c = self.rawq_getchar()
if not self.iacseq:
if c == theNULL:
continue
if c == b"\021":
continue
if c != IAC:
buf[self.sb] = buf[self.sb] + c
continue
else:
self.iacseq += c
elif len(self.iacseq) == 1:
# 'IAC: IAC CMD [OPTION only for WILL/WONT/DO/DONT]'
if c in (DO, DONT, WILL, WONT):
self.iacseq += c
continue
self.iacseq = b''
if c == IAC:
buf[self.sb] = buf[self.sb] + c
else:
if c == SB: # SB ... SE start.
self.sb = 1
self.sbdataq = b''
elif c == SE:
self.sb = 0
self.sbdataq = self.sbdataq + buf[1]
buf[1] = b''
if self.option_callback:
# Callback is supposed to look into
# the sbdataq
self.option_callback(self.sock, c, NOOPT)
else:
# We can't offer automatic processing of
# suboptions. Alas, we should not get any
# unless we did a WILL/DO before.
self.msg('IAC %d not recognized' % ord(c))
elif len(self.iacseq) == 2:
cmd = self.iacseq[1:2]
self.iacseq = b''
opt = c
if cmd in (DO, DONT):
self.msg('IAC %s %d',
cmd == DO and 'DO' or 'DONT', ord(opt))
if self.option_callback:
self.option_callback(self.sock, cmd, opt)
else:
self.sock.sendall(IAC + WONT + opt)
elif cmd in (WILL, WONT):
self.msg('IAC %s %d',
cmd == WILL and 'WILL' or 'WONT', ord(opt))
if self.option_callback:
self.option_callback(self.sock, cmd, opt)
else:
self.sock.sendall(IAC + DONT + opt)
except EOFError: # raised by self.rawq_getchar()
self.iacseq = b'' # Reset on EOF
self.sb = 0
pass
self.cookedq = self.cookedq + buf[0]
self.sbdataq = self.sbdataq + buf[1]
def rawq_getchar(self):
"""Get next char from raw queue.
Block if no data is immediately available. Raise EOFError
when connection is closed.
"""
if not self.rawq:
self.fill_rawq()
if self.eof:
raise EOFError
c = self.rawq[self.irawq:self.irawq+1]
self.irawq = self.irawq + 1
if self.irawq >= len(self.rawq):
self.rawq = b''
self.irawq = 0
return c
def fill_rawq(self):
"""Fill raw queue from exactly one recv() system call.
Block if no data is immediately available. Set self.eof when
connection is closed.
"""
if self.irawq >= len(self.rawq):
self.rawq = b''
self.irawq = 0
# The buffer size should be fairly small so as to avoid quadratic
# behavior in process_rawq() above
buf = self.sock.recv(50)
self.msg("recv %r", buf)
self.eof = (not buf)
self.rawq = self.rawq + buf
def sock_avail(self):
"""Test whether data is available on the socket."""
with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
return bool(selector.select(0))
def interact(self):
"""Interaction function, emulates a very dumb telnet client."""
if sys.platform == "win32":
self.mt_interact()
return
with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
selector.register(sys.stdin, selectors.EVENT_READ)
while True:
for key, events in selector.select():
if key.fileobj is self:
try:
text = self.read_eager()
except EOFError:
print('*** Connection closed by remote host ***')
return
if text:
sys.stdout.write(text.decode('ascii'))
sys.stdout.flush()
elif key.fileobj is sys.stdin:
line = sys.stdin.readline().encode('ascii')
if not line:
return
self.write(line)
def mt_interact(self):
"""Multithreaded version of interact()."""
import _thread
_thread.start_new_thread(self.listener, ())
while 1:
line = sys.stdin.readline()
if not line:
break
self.write(line.encode('ascii'))
def listener(self):
"""Helper for mt_interact() -- this executes in the other thread."""
while 1:
try:
data = self.read_eager()
except EOFError:
print('*** Connection closed by remote host ***')
return
if data:
sys.stdout.write(data.decode('ascii'))
else:
sys.stdout.flush()
def expect(self, list, timeout=None):
"""Read until one from a list of a regular expressions matches.
The first argument is a list of regular expressions, either
compiled (re.Pattern instances) or uncompiled (strings).
The optional second argument is a timeout, in seconds; default
is no timeout.
Return a tuple of three items: the index in the list of the
first regular expression that matches; the re.Match object
returned; and the text read up till and including the match.
If EOF is read and no text was read, raise EOFError.
Otherwise, when nothing matches, return (-1, None, text) where
text is the text received so far (may be the empty string if a
timeout happened).
If a regular expression ends with a greedy match (e.g. '.*')
or if more than one expression can match the same input, the
results are undeterministic, and may depend on the I/O timing.
"""
re = None
list = list[:]
indices = range(len(list))
for i in indices:
if not hasattr(list[i], "search"):
if not re: import re
list[i] = re.compile(list[i])
if timeout is not None:
deadline = _time() + timeout
with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
while not self.eof:
self.process_rawq()
for i in indices:
m = list[i].search(self.cookedq)
if m:
e = m.end()
text = self.cookedq[:e]
self.cookedq = self.cookedq[e:]
return (i, m, text)
if timeout is not None:
ready = selector.select(timeout)
timeout = deadline - _time()
if not ready:
if timeout < 0:
break
else:
continue
self.fill_rawq()
text = self.read_very_lazy()
if not text and self.eof:
raise EOFError
return (-1, None, text)
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
self.close()
def test():
"""Test program for telnetlib.
Usage: python telnetlib.py [-d] ... [host [port]]
Default host is localhost; default port is 23.
"""
debuglevel = 0
while sys.argv[1:] and sys.argv[1] == '-d':
debuglevel = debuglevel+1
del sys.argv[1]
host = 'localhost'
if sys.argv[1:]:
host = sys.argv[1]
port = 0
if sys.argv[2:]:
portstr = sys.argv[2]
try:
port = int(portstr)
except ValueError:
port = socket.getservbyname(portstr, 'tcp')
with Telnet() as tn:
tn.set_debuglevel(debuglevel)
tn.open(host, port, timeout=0.5)
tn.interact()
if __name__ == '__main__':
test()
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