Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Pseudo terminal utilities."""
# Bugs: No signal handling. Doesn't set slave termios and window size.
# Only tested on Linux.
# See: W. Richard Stevens. 1992. Advanced Programming in the
# UNIX Environment. Chapter 19.
# Author: Steen Lumholt -- with additions by Guido.
from select import select
import os
import sys
import tty
__all__ = ["openpty","fork","spawn"]
STDIN_FILENO = 0
STDOUT_FILENO = 1
STDERR_FILENO = 2
CHILD = 0
def openpty():
"""openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)
Open a pty master/slave pair, using os.openpty() if possible."""
try:
return os.openpty()
except (AttributeError, OSError):
pass
master_fd, slave_name = _open_terminal()
slave_fd = slave_open(slave_name)
return master_fd, slave_fd
def master_open():
"""master_open() -> (master_fd, slave_name)
Open a pty master and return the fd, and the filename of the slave end.
Deprecated, use openpty() instead."""
try:
master_fd, slave_fd = os.openpty()
except (AttributeError, OSError):
pass
else:
slave_name = os.ttyname(slave_fd)
os.close(slave_fd)
return master_fd, slave_name
return _open_terminal()
def _open_terminal():
"""Open pty master and return (master_fd, tty_name)."""
for x in 'pqrstuvwxyzPQRST':
for y in '0123456789abcdef':
pty_name = '/dev/pty' + x + y
try:
fd = os.open(pty_name, os.O_RDWR)
except OSError:
continue
return (fd, '/dev/tty' + x + y)
raise OSError('out of pty devices')
def slave_open(tty_name):
"""slave_open(tty_name) -> slave_fd
Open the pty slave and acquire the controlling terminal, returning
opened filedescriptor.
Deprecated, use openpty() instead."""
result = os.open(tty_name, os.O_RDWR)
try:
from fcntl import ioctl, I_PUSH
except ImportError:
return result
try:
ioctl(result, I_PUSH, "ptem")
ioctl(result, I_PUSH, "ldterm")
except OSError:
pass
return result
def fork():
"""fork() -> (pid, master_fd)
Fork and make the child a session leader with a controlling terminal."""
try:
pid, fd = os.forkpty()
except (AttributeError, OSError):
pass
else:
if pid == CHILD:
try:
os.setsid()
except OSError:
# os.forkpty() already set us session leader
pass
return pid, fd
master_fd, slave_fd = openpty()
pid = os.fork()
if pid == CHILD:
# Establish a new session.
os.setsid()
os.close(master_fd)
# Slave becomes stdin/stdout/stderr of child.
os.dup2(slave_fd, STDIN_FILENO)
os.dup2(slave_fd, STDOUT_FILENO)
os.dup2(slave_fd, STDERR_FILENO)
if (slave_fd > STDERR_FILENO):
os.close (slave_fd)
# Explicitly open the tty to make it become a controlling tty.
tmp_fd = os.open(os.ttyname(STDOUT_FILENO), os.O_RDWR)
os.close(tmp_fd)
else:
os.close(slave_fd)
# Parent and child process.
return pid, master_fd
def _writen(fd, data):
"""Write all the data to a descriptor."""
while data:
n = os.write(fd, data)
data = data[n:]
def _read(fd):
"""Default read function."""
return os.read(fd, 1024)
def _copy(master_fd, master_read=_read, stdin_read=_read):
"""Parent copy loop.
Copies
pty master -> standard output (master_read)
standard input -> pty master (stdin_read)"""
fds = [master_fd, STDIN_FILENO]
while True:
rfds, wfds, xfds = select(fds, [], [])
if master_fd in rfds:
data = master_read(master_fd)
if not data: # Reached EOF.
fds.remove(master_fd)
else:
os.write(STDOUT_FILENO, data)
if STDIN_FILENO in rfds:
data = stdin_read(STDIN_FILENO)
if not data:
fds.remove(STDIN_FILENO)
else:
_writen(master_fd, data)
def spawn(argv, master_read=_read, stdin_read=_read):
"""Create a spawned process."""
if type(argv) == type(''):
argv = (argv,)
sys.audit('pty.spawn', argv)
pid, master_fd = fork()
if pid == CHILD:
os.execlp(argv[0], *argv)
try:
mode = tty.tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO)
tty.setraw(STDIN_FILENO)
restore = 1
except tty.error: # This is the same as termios.error
restore = 0
try:
_copy(master_fd, master_read, stdin_read)
except OSError:
if restore:
tty.tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, tty.TCSAFLUSH, mode)
os.close(master_fd)
return os.waitpid(pid, 0)[1]
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