Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""A POP3 client class.
Based on the J. Myers POP3 draft, Jan. 96
"""
# Author: David Ascher <david_ascher@brown.edu>
# [heavily stealing from nntplib.py]
# Updated: Piers Lauder <piers@cs.su.oz.au> [Jul '97]
# String method conversion and test jig improvements by ESR, February 2001.
# Added the POP3_SSL class. Methods loosely based on IMAP_SSL. Hector Urtubia <urtubia@mrbook.org> Aug 2003
# Example (see the test function at the end of this file)
# Imports
import errno
import re
import socket
import sys
try:
import ssl
HAVE_SSL = True
except ImportError:
HAVE_SSL = False
__all__ = ["POP3","error_proto"]
# Exception raised when an error or invalid response is received:
class error_proto(Exception): pass
# Standard Port
POP3_PORT = 110
# POP SSL PORT
POP3_SSL_PORT = 995
# Line terminators (we always output CRLF, but accept any of CRLF, LFCR, LF)
CR = b'\r'
LF = b'\n'
CRLF = CR+LF
# maximal line length when calling readline(). This is to prevent
# reading arbitrary length lines. RFC 1939 limits POP3 line length to
# 512 characters, including CRLF. We have selected 2048 just to be on
# the safe side.
_MAXLINE = 2048
class POP3:
"""This class supports both the minimal and optional command sets.
Arguments can be strings or integers (where appropriate)
(e.g.: retr(1) and retr('1') both work equally well.
Minimal Command Set:
USER name user(name)
PASS string pass_(string)
STAT stat()
LIST [msg] list(msg = None)
RETR msg retr(msg)
DELE msg dele(msg)
NOOP noop()
RSET rset()
QUIT quit()
Optional Commands (some servers support these):
RPOP name rpop(name)
APOP name digest apop(name, digest)
TOP msg n top(msg, n)
UIDL [msg] uidl(msg = None)
CAPA capa()
STLS stls()
UTF8 utf8()
Raises one exception: 'error_proto'.
Instantiate with:
POP3(hostname, port=110)
NB: the POP protocol locks the mailbox from user
authorization until QUIT, so be sure to get in, suck
the messages, and quit, each time you access the
mailbox.
POP is a line-based protocol, which means large mail
messages consume lots of python cycles reading them
line-by-line.
If it's available on your mail server, use IMAP4
instead, it doesn't suffer from the two problems
above.
"""
encoding = 'UTF-8'
def __init__(self, host, port=POP3_PORT,
timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
self.host = host
self.port = port
self._tls_established = False
sys.audit("poplib.connect", self, host, port)
self.sock = self._create_socket(timeout)
self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb')
self._debugging = 0
self.welcome = self._getresp()
def _create_socket(self, timeout):
if timeout is not None and not timeout:
raise ValueError('Non-blocking socket (timeout=0) is not supported')
return socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), timeout)
def _putline(self, line):
if self._debugging > 1: print('*put*', repr(line))
sys.audit("poplib.putline", self, line)
self.sock.sendall(line + CRLF)
# Internal: send one command to the server (through _putline())
def _putcmd(self, line):
if self._debugging: print('*cmd*', repr(line))
line = bytes(line, self.encoding)
self._putline(line)
# Internal: return one line from the server, stripping CRLF.
# This is where all the CPU time of this module is consumed.
# Raise error_proto('-ERR EOF') if the connection is closed.
def _getline(self):
line = self.file.readline(_MAXLINE + 1)
if len(line) > _MAXLINE:
raise error_proto('line too long')
if self._debugging > 1: print('*get*', repr(line))
if not line: raise error_proto('-ERR EOF')
octets = len(line)
# server can send any combination of CR & LF
# however, 'readline()' returns lines ending in LF
# so only possibilities are ...LF, ...CRLF, CR...LF
if line[-2:] == CRLF:
return line[:-2], octets
if line[:1] == CR:
return line[1:-1], octets
return line[:-1], octets
# Internal: get a response from the server.
# Raise 'error_proto' if the response doesn't start with '+'.
def _getresp(self):
resp, o = self._getline()
if self._debugging > 1: print('*resp*', repr(resp))
if not resp.startswith(b'+'):
raise error_proto(resp)
return resp
# Internal: get a response plus following text from the server.
def _getlongresp(self):
resp = self._getresp()
list = []; octets = 0
line, o = self._getline()
while line != b'.':
if line.startswith(b'..'):
o = o-1
line = line[1:]
octets = octets + o
list.append(line)
line, o = self._getline()
return resp, list, octets
# Internal: send a command and get the response
def _shortcmd(self, line):
self._putcmd(line)
return self._getresp()
# Internal: send a command and get the response plus following text
def _longcmd(self, line):
self._putcmd(line)
return self._getlongresp()
# These can be useful:
def getwelcome(self):
return self.welcome
def set_debuglevel(self, level):
self._debugging = level
# Here are all the POP commands:
def user(self, user):
"""Send user name, return response
(should indicate password required).
"""
return self._shortcmd('USER %s' % user)
def pass_(self, pswd):
"""Send password, return response
(response includes message count, mailbox size).
NB: mailbox is locked by server from here to 'quit()'
"""
return self._shortcmd('PASS %s' % pswd)
def stat(self):
"""Get mailbox status.
Result is tuple of 2 ints (message count, mailbox size)
"""
retval = self._shortcmd('STAT')
rets = retval.split()
if self._debugging: print('*stat*', repr(rets))
numMessages = int(rets[1])
sizeMessages = int(rets[2])
return (numMessages, sizeMessages)
def list(self, which=None):
"""Request listing, return result.
Result without a message number argument is in form
['response', ['mesg_num octets', ...], octets].
Result when a message number argument is given is a
single response: the "scan listing" for that message.
"""
if which is not None:
return self._shortcmd('LIST %s' % which)
return self._longcmd('LIST')
def retr(self, which):
"""Retrieve whole message number 'which'.
Result is in form ['response', ['line', ...], octets].
"""
return self._longcmd('RETR %s' % which)
def dele(self, which):
"""Delete message number 'which'.
Result is 'response'.
"""
return self._shortcmd('DELE %s' % which)
def noop(self):
"""Does nothing.
One supposes the response indicates the server is alive.
"""
return self._shortcmd('NOOP')
def rset(self):
"""Unmark all messages marked for deletion."""
return self._shortcmd('RSET')
def quit(self):
"""Signoff: commit changes on server, unlock mailbox, close connection."""
resp = self._shortcmd('QUIT')
self.close()
return resp
def close(self):
"""Close the connection without assuming anything about it."""
try:
file = self.file
self.file = None
if file is not None:
file.close()
finally:
sock = self.sock
self.sock = None
if sock is not None:
try:
sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
except OSError as exc:
# The server might already have closed the connection.
# On Windows, this may result in WSAEINVAL (error 10022):
# An invalid operation was attempted.
if (exc.errno != errno.ENOTCONN
and getattr(exc, 'winerror', 0) != 10022):
raise
finally:
sock.close()
#__del__ = quit
# optional commands:
def rpop(self, user):
"""Not sure what this does."""
return self._shortcmd('RPOP %s' % user)
timestamp = re.compile(br'\+OK.[^<]*(<.*>)')
def apop(self, user, password):
"""Authorisation
- only possible if server has supplied a timestamp in initial greeting.
Args:
user - mailbox user;
password - mailbox password.
NB: mailbox is locked by server from here to 'quit()'
"""
secret = bytes(password, self.encoding)
m = self.timestamp.match(self.welcome)
if not m:
raise error_proto('-ERR APOP not supported by server')
import hashlib
digest = m.group(1)+secret
digest = hashlib.md5(digest).hexdigest()
return self._shortcmd('APOP %s %s' % (user, digest))
def top(self, which, howmuch):
"""Retrieve message header of message number 'which'
and first 'howmuch' lines of message body.
Result is in form ['response', ['line', ...], octets].
"""
return self._longcmd('TOP %s %s' % (which, howmuch))
def uidl(self, which=None):
"""Return message digest (unique id) list.
If 'which', result contains unique id for that message
in the form 'response mesgnum uid', otherwise result is
the list ['response', ['mesgnum uid', ...], octets]
"""
if which is not None:
return self._shortcmd('UIDL %s' % which)
return self._longcmd('UIDL')
def utf8(self):
"""Try to enter UTF-8 mode (see RFC 6856). Returns server response.
"""
return self._shortcmd('UTF8')
def capa(self):
"""Return server capabilities (RFC 2449) as a dictionary
>>> c=poplib.POP3('localhost')
>>> c.capa()
{'IMPLEMENTATION': ['Cyrus', 'POP3', 'server', 'v2.2.12'],
'TOP': [], 'LOGIN-DELAY': ['0'], 'AUTH-RESP-CODE': [],
'EXPIRE': ['NEVER'], 'USER': [], 'STLS': [], 'PIPELINING': [],
'UIDL': [], 'RESP-CODES': []}
>>>
Really, according to RFC 2449, the cyrus folks should avoid
having the implementation split into multiple arguments...
"""
def _parsecap(line):
lst = line.decode('ascii').split()
return lst[0], lst[1:]
caps = {}
try:
resp = self._longcmd('CAPA')
rawcaps = resp[1]
for capline in rawcaps:
capnm, capargs = _parsecap(capline)
caps[capnm] = capargs
except error_proto:
raise error_proto('-ERR CAPA not supported by server')
return caps
def stls(self, context=None):
"""Start a TLS session on the active connection as specified in RFC 2595.
context - a ssl.SSLContext
"""
if not HAVE_SSL:
raise error_proto('-ERR TLS support missing')
if self._tls_established:
raise error_proto('-ERR TLS session already established')
caps = self.capa()
if not 'STLS' in caps:
raise error_proto('-ERR STLS not supported by server')
if context is None:
context = ssl._create_stdlib_context()
resp = self._shortcmd('STLS')
self.sock = context.wrap_socket(self.sock,
server_hostname=self.host)
self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb')
self._tls_established = True
return resp
if HAVE_SSL:
class POP3_SSL(POP3):
"""POP3 client class over SSL connection
Instantiate with: POP3_SSL(hostname, port=995, keyfile=None, certfile=None,
context=None)
hostname - the hostname of the pop3 over ssl server
port - port number
keyfile - PEM formatted file that contains your private key
certfile - PEM formatted certificate chain file
context - a ssl.SSLContext
See the methods of the parent class POP3 for more documentation.
"""
def __init__(self, host, port=POP3_SSL_PORT, keyfile=None, certfile=None,
timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, context=None):
if context is not None and keyfile is not None:
raise ValueError("context and keyfile arguments are mutually "
"exclusive")
if context is not None and certfile is not None:
raise ValueError("context and certfile arguments are mutually "
"exclusive")
if keyfile is not None or certfile is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn("keyfile and certfile are deprecated, use a "
"custom context instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
self.keyfile = keyfile
self.certfile = certfile
if context is None:
context = ssl._create_stdlib_context(certfile=certfile,
keyfile=keyfile)
self.context = context
POP3.__init__(self, host, port, timeout)
def _create_socket(self, timeout):
sock = POP3._create_socket(self, timeout)
sock = self.context.wrap_socket(sock,
server_hostname=self.host)
return sock
def stls(self, keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None):
"""The method unconditionally raises an exception since the
STLS command doesn't make any sense on an already established
SSL/TLS session.
"""
raise error_proto('-ERR TLS session already established')
__all__.append("POP3_SSL")
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
a = POP3(sys.argv[1])
print(a.getwelcome())
a.user(sys.argv[2])
a.pass_(sys.argv[3])
a.list()
(numMsgs, totalSize) = a.stat()
for i in range(1, numMsgs + 1):
(header, msg, octets) = a.retr(i)
print("Message %d:" % i)
for line in msg:
print(' ' + line)
print('-----------------------')
a.quit()
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