Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Find modules used by a script, using introspection."""
import dis
import importlib._bootstrap_external
import importlib.machinery
import marshal
import os
import io
import sys
LOAD_CONST = dis.opmap['LOAD_CONST']
IMPORT_NAME = dis.opmap['IMPORT_NAME']
STORE_NAME = dis.opmap['STORE_NAME']
STORE_GLOBAL = dis.opmap['STORE_GLOBAL']
STORE_OPS = STORE_NAME, STORE_GLOBAL
EXTENDED_ARG = dis.EXTENDED_ARG
# Old imp constants:
_SEARCH_ERROR = 0
_PY_SOURCE = 1
_PY_COMPILED = 2
_C_EXTENSION = 3
_PKG_DIRECTORY = 5
_C_BUILTIN = 6
_PY_FROZEN = 7
# Modulefinder does a good job at simulating Python's, but it can not
# handle __path__ modifications packages make at runtime. Therefore there
# is a mechanism whereby you can register extra paths in this map for a
# package, and it will be honored.
# Note this is a mapping is lists of paths.
packagePathMap = {}
# A Public interface
def AddPackagePath(packagename, path):
packagePathMap.setdefault(packagename, []).append(path)
replacePackageMap = {}
# This ReplacePackage mechanism allows modulefinder to work around
# situations in which a package injects itself under the name
# of another package into sys.modules at runtime by calling
# ReplacePackage("real_package_name", "faked_package_name")
# before running ModuleFinder.
def ReplacePackage(oldname, newname):
replacePackageMap[oldname] = newname
def _find_module(name, path=None):
"""An importlib reimplementation of imp.find_module (for our purposes)."""
# It's necessary to clear the caches for our Finder first, in case any
# modules are being added/deleted/modified at runtime. In particular,
# test_modulefinder.py changes file tree contents in a cache-breaking way:
importlib.machinery.PathFinder.invalidate_caches()
spec = importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec(name, path)
if spec is None:
raise ImportError("No module named {name!r}".format(name=name), name=name)
# Some special cases:
if spec.loader is importlib.machinery.BuiltinImporter:
return None, None, ("", "", _C_BUILTIN)
if spec.loader is importlib.machinery.FrozenImporter:
return None, None, ("", "", _PY_FROZEN)
file_path = spec.origin
if spec.loader.is_package(name):
return None, os.path.dirname(file_path), ("", "", _PKG_DIRECTORY)
if isinstance(spec.loader, importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader):
kind = _PY_SOURCE
elif isinstance(spec.loader, importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader):
kind = _C_EXTENSION
elif isinstance(spec.loader, importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader):
kind = _PY_COMPILED
else: # Should never happen.
return None, None, ("", "", _SEARCH_ERROR)
file = io.open_code(file_path)
suffix = os.path.splitext(file_path)[-1]
return file, file_path, (suffix, "rb", kind)
class Module:
def __init__(self, name, file=None, path=None):
self.__name__ = name
self.__file__ = file
self.__path__ = path
self.__code__ = None
# The set of global names that are assigned to in the module.
# This includes those names imported through starimports of
# Python modules.
self.globalnames = {}
# The set of starimports this module did that could not be
# resolved, ie. a starimport from a non-Python module.
self.starimports = {}
def __repr__(self):
s = "Module(%r" % (self.__name__,)
if self.__file__ is not None:
s = s + ", %r" % (self.__file__,)
if self.__path__ is not None:
s = s + ", %r" % (self.__path__,)
s = s + ")"
return s
class ModuleFinder:
def __init__(self, path=None, debug=0, excludes=None, replace_paths=None):
if path is None:
path = sys.path
self.path = path
self.modules = {}
self.badmodules = {}
self.debug = debug
self.indent = 0
self.excludes = excludes if excludes is not None else []
self.replace_paths = replace_paths if replace_paths is not None else []
self.processed_paths = [] # Used in debugging only
def msg(self, level, str, *args):
if level <= self.debug:
for i in range(self.indent):
print(" ", end=' ')
print(str, end=' ')
for arg in args:
print(repr(arg), end=' ')
print()
def msgin(self, *args):
level = args[0]
if level <= self.debug:
self.indent = self.indent + 1
self.msg(*args)
def msgout(self, *args):
level = args[0]
if level <= self.debug:
self.indent = self.indent - 1
self.msg(*args)
def run_script(self, pathname):
self.msg(2, "run_script", pathname)
with io.open_code(pathname) as fp:
stuff = ("", "rb", _PY_SOURCE)
self.load_module('__main__', fp, pathname, stuff)
def load_file(self, pathname):
dir, name = os.path.split(pathname)
name, ext = os.path.splitext(name)
with io.open_code(pathname) as fp:
stuff = (ext, "rb", _PY_SOURCE)
self.load_module(name, fp, pathname, stuff)
def import_hook(self, name, caller=None, fromlist=None, level=-1):
self.msg(3, "import_hook", name, caller, fromlist, level)
parent = self.determine_parent(caller, level=level)
q, tail = self.find_head_package(parent, name)
m = self.load_tail(q, tail)
if not fromlist:
return q
if m.__path__:
self.ensure_fromlist(m, fromlist)
return None
def determine_parent(self, caller, level=-1):
self.msgin(4, "determine_parent", caller, level)
if not caller or level == 0:
self.msgout(4, "determine_parent -> None")
return None
pname = caller.__name__
if level >= 1: # relative import
if caller.__path__:
level -= 1
if level == 0:
parent = self.modules[pname]
assert parent is caller
self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
return parent
if pname.count(".") < level:
raise ImportError("relative importpath too deep")
pname = ".".join(pname.split(".")[:-level])
parent = self.modules[pname]
self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
return parent
if caller.__path__:
parent = self.modules[pname]
assert caller is parent
self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
return parent
if '.' in pname:
i = pname.rfind('.')
pname = pname[:i]
parent = self.modules[pname]
assert parent.__name__ == pname
self.msgout(4, "determine_parent ->", parent)
return parent
self.msgout(4, "determine_parent -> None")
return None
def find_head_package(self, parent, name):
self.msgin(4, "find_head_package", parent, name)
if '.' in name:
i = name.find('.')
head = name[:i]
tail = name[i+1:]
else:
head = name
tail = ""
if parent:
qname = "%s.%s" % (parent.__name__, head)
else:
qname = head
q = self.import_module(head, qname, parent)
if q:
self.msgout(4, "find_head_package ->", (q, tail))
return q, tail
if parent:
qname = head
parent = None
q = self.import_module(head, qname, parent)
if q:
self.msgout(4, "find_head_package ->", (q, tail))
return q, tail
self.msgout(4, "raise ImportError: No module named", qname)
raise ImportError("No module named " + qname)
def load_tail(self, q, tail):
self.msgin(4, "load_tail", q, tail)
m = q
while tail:
i = tail.find('.')
if i < 0: i = len(tail)
head, tail = tail[:i], tail[i+1:]
mname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, head)
m = self.import_module(head, mname, m)
if not m:
self.msgout(4, "raise ImportError: No module named", mname)
raise ImportError("No module named " + mname)
self.msgout(4, "load_tail ->", m)
return m
def ensure_fromlist(self, m, fromlist, recursive=0):
self.msg(4, "ensure_fromlist", m, fromlist, recursive)
for sub in fromlist:
if sub == "*":
if not recursive:
all = self.find_all_submodules(m)
if all:
self.ensure_fromlist(m, all, 1)
elif not hasattr(m, sub):
subname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, sub)
submod = self.import_module(sub, subname, m)
if not submod:
raise ImportError("No module named " + subname)
def find_all_submodules(self, m):
if not m.__path__:
return
modules = {}
# 'suffixes' used to be a list hardcoded to [".py", ".pyc"].
# But we must also collect Python extension modules - although
# we cannot separate normal dlls from Python extensions.
suffixes = []
suffixes += importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES[:]
suffixes += importlib.machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES[:]
suffixes += importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[:]
for dir in m.__path__:
try:
names = os.listdir(dir)
except OSError:
self.msg(2, "can't list directory", dir)
continue
for name in names:
mod = None
for suff in suffixes:
n = len(suff)
if name[-n:] == suff:
mod = name[:-n]
break
if mod and mod != "__init__":
modules[mod] = mod
return modules.keys()
def import_module(self, partname, fqname, parent):
self.msgin(3, "import_module", partname, fqname, parent)
try:
m = self.modules[fqname]
except KeyError:
pass
else:
self.msgout(3, "import_module ->", m)
return m
if fqname in self.badmodules:
self.msgout(3, "import_module -> None")
return None
if parent and parent.__path__ is None:
self.msgout(3, "import_module -> None")
return None
try:
fp, pathname, stuff = self.find_module(partname,
parent and parent.__path__, parent)
except ImportError:
self.msgout(3, "import_module ->", None)
return None
try:
m = self.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff)
finally:
if fp:
fp.close()
if parent:
setattr(parent, partname, m)
self.msgout(3, "import_module ->", m)
return m
def load_module(self, fqname, fp, pathname, file_info):
suffix, mode, type = file_info
self.msgin(2, "load_module", fqname, fp and "fp", pathname)
if type == _PKG_DIRECTORY:
m = self.load_package(fqname, pathname)
self.msgout(2, "load_module ->", m)
return m
if type == _PY_SOURCE:
co = compile(fp.read(), pathname, 'exec')
elif type == _PY_COMPILED:
try:
data = fp.read()
importlib._bootstrap_external._classify_pyc(data, fqname, {})
except ImportError as exc:
self.msgout(2, "raise ImportError: " + str(exc), pathname)
raise
co = marshal.loads(memoryview(data)[16:])
else:
co = None
m = self.add_module(fqname)
m.__file__ = pathname
if co:
if self.replace_paths:
co = self.replace_paths_in_code(co)
m.__code__ = co
self.scan_code(co, m)
self.msgout(2, "load_module ->", m)
return m
def _add_badmodule(self, name, caller):
if name not in self.badmodules:
self.badmodules[name] = {}
if caller:
self.badmodules[name][caller.__name__] = 1
else:
self.badmodules[name]["-"] = 1
def _safe_import_hook(self, name, caller, fromlist, level=-1):
# wrapper for self.import_hook() that won't raise ImportError
if name in self.badmodules:
self._add_badmodule(name, caller)
return
try:
self.import_hook(name, caller, level=level)
except ImportError as msg:
self.msg(2, "ImportError:", str(msg))
self._add_badmodule(name, caller)
except SyntaxError as msg:
self.msg(2, "SyntaxError:", str(msg))
self._add_badmodule(name, caller)
else:
if fromlist:
for sub in fromlist:
fullname = name + "." + sub
if fullname in self.badmodules:
self._add_badmodule(fullname, caller)
continue
try:
self.import_hook(name, caller, [sub], level=level)
except ImportError as msg:
self.msg(2, "ImportError:", str(msg))
self._add_badmodule(fullname, caller)
def scan_opcodes(self, co):
# Scan the code, and yield 'interesting' opcode combinations
code = co.co_code
names = co.co_names
consts = co.co_consts
opargs = [(op, arg) for _, op, arg in dis._unpack_opargs(code)
if op != EXTENDED_ARG]
for i, (op, oparg) in enumerate(opargs):
if op in STORE_OPS:
yield "store", (names[oparg],)
continue
if (op == IMPORT_NAME and i >= 2
and opargs[i-1][0] == opargs[i-2][0] == LOAD_CONST):
level = consts[opargs[i-2][1]]
fromlist = consts[opargs[i-1][1]]
if level == 0: # absolute import
yield "absolute_import", (fromlist, names[oparg])
else: # relative import
yield "relative_import", (level, fromlist, names[oparg])
continue
def scan_code(self, co, m):
code = co.co_code
scanner = self.scan_opcodes
for what, args in scanner(co):
if what == "store":
name, = args
m.globalnames[name] = 1
elif what == "absolute_import":
fromlist, name = args
have_star = 0
if fromlist is not None:
if "*" in fromlist:
have_star = 1
fromlist = [f for f in fromlist if f != "*"]
self._safe_import_hook(name, m, fromlist, level=0)
if have_star:
# We've encountered an "import *". If it is a Python module,
# the code has already been parsed and we can suck out the
# global names.
mm = None
if m.__path__:
# At this point we don't know whether 'name' is a
# submodule of 'm' or a global module. Let's just try
# the full name first.
mm = self.modules.get(m.__name__ + "." + name)
if mm is None:
mm = self.modules.get(name)
if mm is not None:
m.globalnames.update(mm.globalnames)
m.starimports.update(mm.starimports)
if mm.__code__ is None:
m.starimports[name] = 1
else:
m.starimports[name] = 1
elif what == "relative_import":
level, fromlist, name = args
if name:
self._safe_import_hook(name, m, fromlist, level=level)
else:
parent = self.determine_parent(m, level=level)
self._safe_import_hook(parent.__name__, None, fromlist, level=0)
else:
# We don't expect anything else from the generator.
raise RuntimeError(what)
for c in co.co_consts:
if isinstance(c, type(co)):
self.scan_code(c, m)
def load_package(self, fqname, pathname):
self.msgin(2, "load_package", fqname, pathname)
newname = replacePackageMap.get(fqname)
if newname:
fqname = newname
m = self.add_module(fqname)
m.__file__ = pathname
m.__path__ = [pathname]
# As per comment at top of file, simulate runtime __path__ additions.
m.__path__ = m.__path__ + packagePathMap.get(fqname, [])
fp, buf, stuff = self.find_module("__init__", m.__path__)
try:
self.load_module(fqname, fp, buf, stuff)
self.msgout(2, "load_package ->", m)
return m
finally:
if fp:
fp.close()
def add_module(self, fqname):
if fqname in self.modules:
return self.modules[fqname]
self.modules[fqname] = m = Module(fqname)
return m
def find_module(self, name, path, parent=None):
if parent is not None:
# assert path is not None
fullname = parent.__name__+'.'+name
else:
fullname = name
if fullname in self.excludes:
self.msgout(3, "find_module -> Excluded", fullname)
raise ImportError(name)
if path is None:
if name in sys.builtin_module_names:
return (None, None, ("", "", _C_BUILTIN))
path = self.path
return _find_module(name, path)
def report(self):
"""Print a report to stdout, listing the found modules with their
paths, as well as modules that are missing, or seem to be missing.
"""
print()
print(" %-25s %s" % ("Name", "File"))
print(" %-25s %s" % ("----", "----"))
# Print modules found
keys = sorted(self.modules.keys())
for key in keys:
m = self.modules[key]
if m.__path__:
print("P", end=' ')
else:
print("m", end=' ')
print("%-25s" % key, m.__file__ or "")
# Print missing modules
missing, maybe = self.any_missing_maybe()
if missing:
print()
print("Missing modules:")
for name in missing:
mods = sorted(self.badmodules[name].keys())
print("?", name, "imported from", ', '.join(mods))
# Print modules that may be missing, but then again, maybe not...
if maybe:
print()
print("Submodules that appear to be missing, but could also be", end=' ')
print("global names in the parent package:")
for name in maybe:
mods = sorted(self.badmodules[name].keys())
print("?", name, "imported from", ', '.join(mods))
def any_missing(self):
"""Return a list of modules that appear to be missing. Use
any_missing_maybe() if you want to know which modules are
certain to be missing, and which *may* be missing.
"""
missing, maybe = self.any_missing_maybe()
return missing + maybe
def any_missing_maybe(self):
"""Return two lists, one with modules that are certainly missing
and one with modules that *may* be missing. The latter names could
either be submodules *or* just global names in the package.
The reason it can't always be determined is that it's impossible to
tell which names are imported when "from module import *" is done
with an extension module, short of actually importing it.
"""
missing = []
maybe = []
for name in self.badmodules:
if name in self.excludes:
continue
i = name.rfind(".")
if i < 0:
missing.append(name)
continue
subname = name[i+1:]
pkgname = name[:i]
pkg = self.modules.get(pkgname)
if pkg is not None:
if pkgname in self.badmodules[name]:
# The package tried to import this module itself and
# failed. It's definitely missing.
missing.append(name)
elif subname in pkg.globalnames:
# It's a global in the package: definitely not missing.
pass
elif pkg.starimports:
# It could be missing, but the package did an "import *"
# from a non-Python module, so we simply can't be sure.
maybe.append(name)
else:
# It's not a global in the package, the package didn't
# do funny star imports, it's very likely to be missing.
# The symbol could be inserted into the package from the
# outside, but since that's not good style we simply list
# it missing.
missing.append(name)
else:
missing.append(name)
missing.sort()
maybe.sort()
return missing, maybe
def replace_paths_in_code(self, co):
new_filename = original_filename = os.path.normpath(co.co_filename)
for f, r in self.replace_paths:
if original_filename.startswith(f):
new_filename = r + original_filename[len(f):]
break
if self.debug and original_filename not in self.processed_paths:
if new_filename != original_filename:
self.msgout(2, "co_filename %r changed to %r" \
% (original_filename,new_filename,))
else:
self.msgout(2, "co_filename %r remains unchanged" \
% (original_filename,))
self.processed_paths.append(original_filename)
consts = list(co.co_consts)
for i in range(len(consts)):
if isinstance(consts[i], type(co)):
consts[i] = self.replace_paths_in_code(consts[i])
return co.replace(co_consts=tuple(consts), co_filename=new_filename)
def test():
# Parse command line
import getopt
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "dmp:qx:")
except getopt.error as msg:
print(msg)
return
# Process options
debug = 1
domods = 0
addpath = []
exclude = []
for o, a in opts:
if o == '-d':
debug = debug + 1
if o == '-m':
domods = 1
if o == '-p':
addpath = addpath + a.split(os.pathsep)
if o == '-q':
debug = 0
if o == '-x':
exclude.append(a)
# Provide default arguments
if not args:
script = "hello.py"
else:
script = args[0]
# Set the path based on sys.path and the script directory
path = sys.path[:]
path[0] = os.path.dirname(script)
path = addpath + path
if debug > 1:
print("path:")
for item in path:
print(" ", repr(item))
# Create the module finder and turn its crank
mf = ModuleFinder(path, debug, exclude)
for arg in args[1:]:
if arg == '-m':
domods = 1
continue
if domods:
if arg[-2:] == '.*':
mf.import_hook(arg[:-2], None, ["*"])
else:
mf.import_hook(arg)
else:
mf.load_file(arg)
mf.run_script(script)
mf.report()
return mf # for -i debugging
if __name__ == '__main__':
try:
mf = test()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("\n[interrupted]")
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