Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Wrapper to the POSIX crypt library call and associated functionality."""
import sys as _sys
try:
import _crypt
except ModuleNotFoundError:
if _sys.platform == 'win32':
raise ImportError("The crypt module is not supported on Windows")
else:
raise ImportError("The required _crypt module was not built as part of CPython")
import errno
import string as _string
from random import SystemRandom as _SystemRandom
from collections import namedtuple as _namedtuple
_saltchars = _string.ascii_letters + _string.digits + './'
_sr = _SystemRandom()
class _Method(_namedtuple('_Method', 'name ident salt_chars total_size')):
"""Class representing a salt method per the Modular Crypt Format or the
legacy 2-character crypt method."""
def __repr__(self):
return '<crypt.METHOD_{}>'.format(self.name)
def mksalt(method=None, *, rounds=None):
"""Generate a salt for the specified method.
If not specified, the strongest available method will be used.
"""
if method is None:
method = methods[0]
if rounds is not None and not isinstance(rounds, int):
raise TypeError(f'{rounds.__class__.__name__} object cannot be '
f'interpreted as an integer')
if not method.ident: # traditional
s = ''
else: # modular
s = f'${method.ident}$'
if method.ident and method.ident[0] == '2': # Blowfish variants
if rounds is None:
log_rounds = 12
else:
log_rounds = int.bit_length(rounds-1)
if rounds != 1 << log_rounds:
raise ValueError('rounds must be a power of 2')
if not 4 <= log_rounds <= 31:
raise ValueError('rounds out of the range 2**4 to 2**31')
s += f'{log_rounds:02d}$'
elif method.ident in ('5', '6'): # SHA-2
if rounds is not None:
if not 1000 <= rounds <= 999_999_999:
raise ValueError('rounds out of the range 1000 to 999_999_999')
s += f'rounds={rounds}$'
elif rounds is not None:
raise ValueError(f"{method} doesn't support the rounds argument")
s += ''.join(_sr.choice(_saltchars) for char in range(method.salt_chars))
return s
def crypt(word, salt=None):
"""Return a string representing the one-way hash of a password, with a salt
prepended.
If ``salt`` is not specified or is ``None``, the strongest
available method will be selected and a salt generated. Otherwise,
``salt`` may be one of the ``crypt.METHOD_*`` values, or a string as
returned by ``crypt.mksalt()``.
"""
if salt is None or isinstance(salt, _Method):
salt = mksalt(salt)
return _crypt.crypt(word, salt)
# available salting/crypto methods
methods = []
def _add_method(name, *args, rounds=None):
method = _Method(name, *args)
globals()['METHOD_' + name] = method
salt = mksalt(method, rounds=rounds)
result = None
try:
result = crypt('', salt)
except OSError as e:
# Not all libc libraries support all encryption methods.
if e.errno == errno.EINVAL:
return False
raise
if result and len(result) == method.total_size:
methods.append(method)
return True
return False
_add_method('SHA512', '6', 16, 106)
_add_method('SHA256', '5', 16, 63)
# Choose the strongest supported version of Blowfish hashing.
# Early versions have flaws. Version 'a' fixes flaws of
# the initial implementation, 'b' fixes flaws of 'a'.
# 'y' is the same as 'b', for compatibility
# with openwall crypt_blowfish.
for _v in 'b', 'y', 'a', '':
if _add_method('BLOWFISH', '2' + _v, 22, 59 + len(_v), rounds=1<<4):
break
_add_method('MD5', '1', 8, 34)
_add_method('CRYPT', None, 2, 13)
del _v, _add_method
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