Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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"""Shared support for scanning document type declarations in HTML and XHTML.
This module is used as a foundation for the html.parser module. It has no
documented public API and should not be used directly.
"""
import re
_declname_match = re.compile(r'[a-zA-Z][-_.a-zA-Z0-9]*\s*').match
_declstringlit_match = re.compile(r'(\'[^\']*\'|"[^"]*")\s*').match
_commentclose = re.compile(r'--\s*>')
_markedsectionclose = re.compile(r']\s*]\s*>')
# An analysis of the MS-Word extensions is available at
# http://www.planetpublish.com/xmlarena/xap/Thursday/WordtoXML.pdf
_msmarkedsectionclose = re.compile(r']\s*>')
del re
class ParserBase:
"""Parser base class which provides some common support methods used
by the SGML/HTML and XHTML parsers."""
def __init__(self):
if self.__class__ is ParserBase:
raise RuntimeError(
"_markupbase.ParserBase must be subclassed")
def error(self, message):
raise NotImplementedError(
"subclasses of ParserBase must override error()")
def reset(self):
self.lineno = 1
self.offset = 0
def getpos(self):
"""Return current line number and offset."""
return self.lineno, self.offset
# Internal -- update line number and offset. This should be
# called for each piece of data exactly once, in order -- in other
# words the concatenation of all the input strings to this
# function should be exactly the entire input.
def updatepos(self, i, j):
if i >= j:
return j
rawdata = self.rawdata
nlines = rawdata.count("\n", i, j)
if nlines:
self.lineno = self.lineno + nlines
pos = rawdata.rindex("\n", i, j) # Should not fail
self.offset = j-(pos+1)
else:
self.offset = self.offset + j-i
return j
_decl_otherchars = ''
# Internal -- parse declaration (for use by subclasses).
def parse_declaration(self, i):
# This is some sort of declaration; in "HTML as
# deployed," this should only be the document type
# declaration ("<!DOCTYPE html...>").
# ISO 8879:1986, however, has more complex
# declaration syntax for elements in <!...>, including:
# --comment--
# [marked section]
# name in the following list: ENTITY, DOCTYPE, ELEMENT,
# ATTLIST, NOTATION, SHORTREF, USEMAP,
# LINKTYPE, LINK, IDLINK, USELINK, SYSTEM
rawdata = self.rawdata
j = i + 2
assert rawdata[i:j] == "<!", "unexpected call to parse_declaration"
if rawdata[j:j+1] == ">":
# the empty comment <!>
return j + 1
if rawdata[j:j+1] in ("-", ""):
# Start of comment followed by buffer boundary,
# or just a buffer boundary.
return -1
# A simple, practical version could look like: ((name|stringlit) S*) + '>'
n = len(rawdata)
if rawdata[j:j+2] == '--': #comment
# Locate --.*-- as the body of the comment
return self.parse_comment(i)
elif rawdata[j] == '[': #marked section
# Locate [statusWord [...arbitrary SGML...]] as the body of the marked section
# Where statusWord is one of TEMP, CDATA, IGNORE, INCLUDE, RCDATA
# Note that this is extended by Microsoft Office "Save as Web" function
# to include [if...] and [endif].
return self.parse_marked_section(i)
else: #all other declaration elements
decltype, j = self._scan_name(j, i)
if j < 0:
return j
if decltype == "doctype":
self._decl_otherchars = ''
while j < n:
c = rawdata[j]
if c == ">":
# end of declaration syntax
data = rawdata[i+2:j]
if decltype == "doctype":
self.handle_decl(data)
else:
# According to the HTML5 specs sections "8.2.4.44 Bogus
# comment state" and "8.2.4.45 Markup declaration open
# state", a comment token should be emitted.
# Calling unknown_decl provides more flexibility though.
self.unknown_decl(data)
return j + 1
if c in "\"'":
m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
if not m:
return -1 # incomplete
j = m.end()
elif c in "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ":
name, j = self._scan_name(j, i)
elif c in self._decl_otherchars:
j = j + 1
elif c == "[":
# this could be handled in a separate doctype parser
if decltype == "doctype":
j = self._parse_doctype_subset(j + 1, i)
elif decltype in {"attlist", "linktype", "link", "element"}:
# must tolerate []'d groups in a content model in an element declaration
# also in data attribute specifications of attlist declaration
# also link type declaration subsets in linktype declarations
# also link attribute specification lists in link declarations
self.error("unsupported '[' char in %s declaration" % decltype)
else:
self.error("unexpected '[' char in declaration")
else:
self.error(
"unexpected %r char in declaration" % rawdata[j])
if j < 0:
return j
return -1 # incomplete
# Internal -- parse a marked section
# Override this to handle MS-word extension syntax <![if word]>content<![endif]>
def parse_marked_section(self, i, report=1):
rawdata= self.rawdata
assert rawdata[i:i+3] == '<![', "unexpected call to parse_marked_section()"
sectName, j = self._scan_name( i+3, i )
if j < 0:
return j
if sectName in {"temp", "cdata", "ignore", "include", "rcdata"}:
# look for standard ]]> ending
match= _markedsectionclose.search(rawdata, i+3)
elif sectName in {"if", "else", "endif"}:
# look for MS Office ]> ending
match= _msmarkedsectionclose.search(rawdata, i+3)
else:
self.error('unknown status keyword %r in marked section' % rawdata[i+3:j])
if not match:
return -1
if report:
j = match.start(0)
self.unknown_decl(rawdata[i+3: j])
return match.end(0)
# Internal -- parse comment, return length or -1 if not terminated
def parse_comment(self, i, report=1):
rawdata = self.rawdata
if rawdata[i:i+4] != '<!--':
self.error('unexpected call to parse_comment()')
match = _commentclose.search(rawdata, i+4)
if not match:
return -1
if report:
j = match.start(0)
self.handle_comment(rawdata[i+4: j])
return match.end(0)
# Internal -- scan past the internal subset in a <!DOCTYPE declaration,
# returning the index just past any whitespace following the trailing ']'.
def _parse_doctype_subset(self, i, declstartpos):
rawdata = self.rawdata
n = len(rawdata)
j = i
while j < n:
c = rawdata[j]
if c == "<":
s = rawdata[j:j+2]
if s == "<":
# end of buffer; incomplete
return -1
if s != "<!":
self.updatepos(declstartpos, j + 1)
self.error("unexpected char in internal subset (in %r)" % s)
if (j + 2) == n:
# end of buffer; incomplete
return -1
if (j + 4) > n:
# end of buffer; incomplete
return -1
if rawdata[j:j+4] == "<!--":
j = self.parse_comment(j, report=0)
if j < 0:
return j
continue
name, j = self._scan_name(j + 2, declstartpos)
if j == -1:
return -1
if name not in {"attlist", "element", "entity", "notation"}:
self.updatepos(declstartpos, j + 2)
self.error(
"unknown declaration %r in internal subset" % name)
# handle the individual names
meth = getattr(self, "_parse_doctype_" + name)
j = meth(j, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
elif c == "%":
# parameter entity reference
if (j + 1) == n:
# end of buffer; incomplete
return -1
s, j = self._scan_name(j + 1, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
if rawdata[j] == ";":
j = j + 1
elif c == "]":
j = j + 1
while j < n and rawdata[j].isspace():
j = j + 1
if j < n:
if rawdata[j] == ">":
return j
self.updatepos(declstartpos, j)
self.error("unexpected char after internal subset")
else:
return -1
elif c.isspace():
j = j + 1
else:
self.updatepos(declstartpos, j)
self.error("unexpected char %r in internal subset" % c)
# end of buffer reached
return -1
# Internal -- scan past <!ELEMENT declarations
def _parse_doctype_element(self, i, declstartpos):
name, j = self._scan_name(i, declstartpos)
if j == -1:
return -1
# style content model; just skip until '>'
rawdata = self.rawdata
if '>' in rawdata[j:]:
return rawdata.find(">", j) + 1
return -1
# Internal -- scan past <!ATTLIST declarations
def _parse_doctype_attlist(self, i, declstartpos):
rawdata = self.rawdata
name, j = self._scan_name(i, declstartpos)
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if c == "":
return -1
if c == ">":
return j + 1
while 1:
# scan a series of attribute descriptions; simplified:
# name type [value] [#constraint]
name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if c == "":
return -1
if c == "(":
# an enumerated type; look for ')'
if ")" in rawdata[j:]:
j = rawdata.find(")", j) + 1
else:
return -1
while rawdata[j:j+1].isspace():
j = j + 1
if not rawdata[j:]:
# end of buffer, incomplete
return -1
else:
name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if not c:
return -1
if c in "'\"":
m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
if m:
j = m.end()
else:
return -1
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if not c:
return -1
if c == "#":
if rawdata[j:] == "#":
# end of buffer
return -1
name, j = self._scan_name(j + 1, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if not c:
return -1
if c == '>':
# all done
return j + 1
# Internal -- scan past <!NOTATION declarations
def _parse_doctype_notation(self, i, declstartpos):
name, j = self._scan_name(i, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
rawdata = self.rawdata
while 1:
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if not c:
# end of buffer; incomplete
return -1
if c == '>':
return j + 1
if c in "'\"":
m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
if not m:
return -1
j = m.end()
else:
name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
# Internal -- scan past <!ENTITY declarations
def _parse_doctype_entity(self, i, declstartpos):
rawdata = self.rawdata
if rawdata[i:i+1] == "%":
j = i + 1
while 1:
c = rawdata[j:j+1]
if not c:
return -1
if c.isspace():
j = j + 1
else:
break
else:
j = i
name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
while 1:
c = self.rawdata[j:j+1]
if not c:
return -1
if c in "'\"":
m = _declstringlit_match(rawdata, j)
if m:
j = m.end()
else:
return -1 # incomplete
elif c == ">":
return j + 1
else:
name, j = self._scan_name(j, declstartpos)
if j < 0:
return j
# Internal -- scan a name token and the new position and the token, or
# return -1 if we've reached the end of the buffer.
def _scan_name(self, i, declstartpos):
rawdata = self.rawdata
n = len(rawdata)
if i == n:
return None, -1
m = _declname_match(rawdata, i)
if m:
s = m.group()
name = s.strip()
if (i + len(s)) == n:
return None, -1 # end of buffer
return name.lower(), m.end()
else:
self.updatepos(declstartpos, i)
self.error("expected name token at %r"
% rawdata[declstartpos:declstartpos+20])
# To be overridden -- handlers for unknown objects
def unknown_decl(self, data):
pass
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