Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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# BLT TreeView Utilities.
# Load and dump treeview to XTL form.
namespace eval ::blt::tv {
variable pc
set pc(colors) {LightBlue Aquamarine Khaki LightCyan Cornsilk LightYellow Lavender Azure}
}
proc ::blt::tv::_TreeLoad {w tl {id 0}} {
upvar 1 p p
foreach {i j} $tl {
set tag [lindex $i 0]
if {[llength $i]==1} {
set lbl [expr {$j == {}?$i:$j}]
if {$j == {}} {
$w insert end $tag -at $id
} else {
$w insert end $tag -at $id -data [list $p(-datacol) $j]
}
} else {
set tind [lindex $i 1]
array unset data
foreach {k l} [lrange $i 2 end] {
if {$p(-trim) != {}} { set k [string trimleft $k $p(-trim)] }
set data($k) $l
}
set cns [$w col names]
foreach k [array names data] {
if {[lsearch -exact $cns $k]<0} {
$w col insert end $k
foreach m {-relief -bd} { $w col conf $k $m [$w col cget 0 $m] }
}
}
if {$tind != "+"} {
set data($p(-datacol)) $j
}
set nid [$w insert end $tag -at $id -data [array get data]]
switch -- $tind {
+ {
if {$p(-defer)} {
$w entry conf $nid -forcetree 1 -opencommand [concat [list ::blt::tv::TreeLoad $w $j] [array get p] -id $nid -nice 0]
} else {
_TreeLoad $w $j $nid
}
}
- - {} {}
default {
tclLog "Tag '$tind' is not '+' or '-' in: $i $j"
}
}
}
}
}
proc ::blt::tv::TreeLoad {w tl args} { #TYPES: . Win . {opts -trim -nice -defer -id -datacol}
# Load treeview from an XTL.
array set p {-trim {} -nice 0 -defer 1 -id 0 -datacol Value}
array set p $args
if {$p(-id) && [$w entry children $p(-id)] != {}} return
if {[lsearch -exact [$w col names] $p(-datacol)]<0} {
$w col insert end $p(-datacol)
}
$w conf -allowduplicates 1
busy hold $w
update
set rc [catch {_TreeLoad $w $tl $p(-id)} rv]
busy release $w
update
if {$p(-nice)} {
$w style create textbox alt -bg LightBlue
$w conf -underline 1 -altstyle alt -bg White -selectbackground SteelBlue -nofocusselectbackground SteelBlue
eval $w col conf [$w col names] -bd 1 -relief raised
}
return -code $rc $rv
}
proc ::blt::tv::_TreeDump1 {w node} {
upvar 1 p p rc rc
set val {}
set i $node
if {$p(-label)} {
set tag [$w entry cget $i -label]
} else {
set tag [$w get $i]
}
set avals {}
if {$p(-aval) != {}} {
catch { set avals [$w entry set $i $p(-aval)] }
} else {
set avals [$w entry cget $i -data]
}
foreach {j k} $avals {
if {$j == "#0"} {
set val $k
} else {
set j $p(-prefix)$j
set data($j) $k
}
}
if {$p(-vval) != {}} {
catch { set val [$w entry set $i $p(-vval)] }
}
if {[$w entry isleaf $i]} {
if {[array size data]} {
set tattr [concat [list $tag -] [array get data]]
} elseif {[string match #* $tag]} {
set tattr $tag
} else {
set tattr [list $tag]
}
lappend rc $tattr $val
} else {
set tattr [concat [list $tag +] [array get data]]
lappend rc $tattr [_TreeDump $w $i]
}
}
proc ::blt::tv::_TreeDump {w node} {
upvar 1 p p
set rc {}
foreach i [$w entry children $node] {
_TreeDump1 $w $i
}
return $rc
}
proc ::blt::tv::FmtTree {lst {ind " "} {sp {}}} {
set rc {}
set n 0
foreach {atag val} $lst {
incr n
if {[string index $rc end] != "\n"} { append rc \n }
if {[lindex $atag 1] == "+"} {
set src [FmtTree $val $ind "$sp$ind"]
append rc $sp [list $atag $src] \n
} else {
append rc $sp [list $atag $val] \n
}
}
return $rc[string range $sp 0 end-[string length $ind]]
}
proc ::blt::tv::TreeDump {w args} { #TYPES: . Win {opts -prefix -fmt -label -aval -vval -start -notop}
# Dump a treeview to XTL.
array set p {-prefix {} -fmt 1 -label 1 -aval {} -vval {} -start 0 -notop 0}
array set p $args
if {!$p(-notop)} {
set rc [_TreeDump1 $w $p(-start)]
} else {
set rc [_TreeDump $w $p(-start)]
}
if {$p(-fmt)} { set rc [FmtTree $rc] }
return $rc
}
proc ::blt::tv::WNew {cmd args} {
# Use style commands if possible.
if {[info exists ::Tk::Wins]} {
return [eval $cmd new $args]
}
return [eval $cmd $args]
}
proc ::blt::tv::XTLLoad {args} { #TYPES: win {opts -altcolor -colopts -conf -data -eval -refresh -titles -win}
# Load a flat table.
array set p {
-altcolor *
-colopts {}
-conf {}
-data {}
-eval {}
-refresh 0
-titles {}
-win {}
}
variable pc
array set p $args
set data $p(-data)
if {$p(-eval) != {}} {
set data [eval $p(-eval)]
}
if {$data == {}} {
error "Must provide -data"
}
set titles $p(-titles)
if {$titles == {}} {
set titles {Name Value}
}
set colors $pc(colors)
set idx 1
if {[set t $p(-win)] != {}} {
if {$p(-refresh) && ![winfo exists $p(-win)]} return
$t delete all
} else {
while {[winfo exists [set w .__tvdatatable$idx]]} {
incr idx
}
WNew Toplevel $w
set f $w.f
WNew Frame $f
grid $f -row 10 -column 10 -sticky news
grid columnconf $w 10 -weight 1
grid rowconf $w 10 -weight 1
set t $f.t
WNew Scrollbar $f.sv -command "$t yview"
WNew Scrollbar $f.sh -command "$t xview" -orient horizontal
WNew TreeView $t -width 600 -autocreate 1 -yscrollcommand "$f.sv set" -xscrollcommand "$f.sh set" -bg white -underline 1
grid $t $f.sv
grid $f.sh -sticky we
grid conf $t -sticky news
grid conf $f.sv -sticky ns
grid columnconf $f 0 -weight 1
grid rowconf $f 0 -weight 1
}
#$t conf -font {Verdana 14 bold}; $t conf -titlefont [$t cget -font]
if {$p(-altcolor) != {}} {
if {[set color $p(-altcolor)] == "*"} {
set color [lindex $colors [expr {($idx-1)%[llength $colors]}]]
}
catch {
$t style create textbox alt -bg $color
$t conf -altstyle alt -selectbackground SteelBlue -nofocusselectbackground SteelBlue
}
}
TreeLoad $t $data
eval $t col conf [$t col names] -bd 1 -relief raised -autowidth 250
$t col conf 0 -title Tag
$t col conf Value -justify left -titlejustify left
if {$p(-colopts) != {}} {
foreach i [$t col names] { eval [list $t column conf $i] $p(-colopts) }
}
if {$p(-conf) != {}} {
eval $t conf $p(-conf)
}
if {$p(-refresh) > 0} {
set p(-win) $t
set p(-altcolor) {}
set p(-conf) {}
after $p(-refresh) [concat [namespace current]::TableLoad [array get p]]
}
return $t
}
proc ::blt::tv::TableLoad {args} { #TYPES: win {opts -altcolor -colopts -colprefix -conf -data -eval -refresh -subfield -split -titles -ititles -treefield -win}
# Load a flat table.
variable pc
array set p {
-altcolor *
-colopts {}
-colprefix F
-conf {}
-data {}
-eval {}
-refresh 0
-subfield {}
-split False
-titles {}
-ititles False
-treefield {}
-win {}
}
array set p $args
set data $p(-data)
if {$p(-eval) != {}} {
set data [eval $p(-eval)]
}
if {$p(-split)} {
set data [split $data \n]
}
if {$data == {}} {
error "Must provide -data"
}
set titles $p(-titles)
if {$p(-ititles)} {
set titles [lindex $data 0]
set data [lrange $data 1 end]
}
set colors $pc(colors)
set idx 1
if {[set t $p(-win)] != {}} {
if {$p(-refresh) && ![winfo exists $p(-win)]} return
$t delete all
} else {
while {[winfo exists [set w .__tvdatatable$idx]]} {
incr idx
}
WNew Toplevel $w
set f $w.f
WNew Frame $f
grid $f -row 10 -column 10 -sticky news
grid columnconf $w 10 -weight 1
grid rowconf $w 10 -weight 1
set t $f.t
WNew Scrollbar $f.sv -command "$t yview"
WNew Scrollbar $f.sh -command "$t xview" -orient horizontal
WNew TreeView $t -width 600 -autocreate 1 -yscrollcommand "$f.sv set" -xscrollcommand "$f.sh set" -bg white -underline 1
grid $t $f.sv
grid $f.sh -sticky we
grid conf $t -sticky news
grid conf $f.sv -sticky ns
grid columnconf $f 0 -weight 1
grid rowconf $f 0 -weight 1
}
#$t conf -font {Verdana 14 bold}; $t conf -titlefont [$t cget -font]
if {$p(-altcolor) != {}} {
if {[set color $p(-altcolor)] == "*"} {
set color [lindex $colors [expr {($idx-1)%[llength $colors]}]]
}
catch {
$t style create textbox alt -bg $color
$t conf -altstyle alt -selectbackground SteelBlue -nofocusselectbackground SteelBlue
}
}
if {$p(-treefield) != {}} {
$t column conf 0 -relief raised -bd 1 -title $p(-treefield)
} else {
$t column conf 0 -hide 1
}
set data0 [$t column names]
foreach i $data {
while {[llength $data0] <= [llength $i]} {
set cn [lindex $titles [expr {[llength $data0]-1}]]
if {$cn == {}} {
set cn $p(-colprefix)[llength $data0]
}
$t column insert end $cn -justify left -relief raised -bd 1 -pad 10 -editopts {-autonl 1} -command [list blt::tv::SortColumn %W %C]
set data0 [$t column names]
}
set d {}
set n 0
array unset q
foreach j $i {
set ii [lindex $data0 [incr n]]
lappend d $ii $j
set q($ii) $j
}
if {$p(-treefield) == {}} {
set path #auto
} else {
set path $q($p(-treefield))
}
$t insert end $path -data $d
}
if {$p(-subfield) != {}} {
foreach i [$t find] {
set id [$t entry set $i $p(-subfield)]
if {$id == {}} continue
set did [$t find -name $id]
if {$did == {}} continue
#puts "ID($i) id=$id, did=$did"
if {[string equal $did $i]} continue
$t move $i into $did
}
}
$t open -trees root
bind . <Control-Alt-Insert> "console show"
if {$p(-colopts) != {}} {
foreach i [$t col names] { eval [list $t column conf $i] $p(-colopts) }
}
if {$p(-conf) != {}} {
eval $t conf $p(-conf)
}
if {$p(-refresh) > 0} {
set p(-win) $t
set p(-altcolor) {}
set p(-conf) {}
after $p(-refresh) [concat [namespace current]::TableLoad [array get p]]
}
return $t
}
proc ::blt::tv::EditValid {wconf t newdata ind} {
# The following uses validate to prevent invalid edit from completing.
set nam [$t entry set $ind Name]
if {[catch {eval $wconf [list $nam $newdata]} rv]} {
return -code 10 $rv
}
return $newdata
}
proc ::blt::tv::TableWid {wconf} {
# Edit widget configure info in a table.
set w [lindex $wconf 0]
if {[llength $wconf] == 1} { lappend wconf configure }
set data [lsort -dictionary [eval $wconf]]
set t [blt::tv::TableLoad -data $data -titles {Name DBName DBClass Default Value Type}]
wm title [winfo toplevel $t] "Widget Info: [winfo class $w] [winfo name $w] '[lrange $wconf 1 end]' in [winfo parent $w]"
$t col move Value DBName
$t col move Default DBName
eval $t col conf [$t col names] -bg LightGray
$t col conf Value -edit 1 -titleforeground LimeGreen -titlejustify left -bg White
$t col conf Value -validatecmd [list [namespace current]::EditValid $wconf %W %V %#]
return $t
}
proc ::blt::tv::TreeFill {w str args} {
# Load treeview with data indented by 4 space multiples (converts tabs to 4).
# If -flat, load as a table and ignore indents.
set cols [$w column names]
set tstr [string trim $str]
set inttl 0
set istable [$w cget -flat]
set sind [expr {$istable?0:1}]
if {[llength $cols] == 1} {
set inttl 1
set s0 [string first \n $tstr]
if {$s0<0} {
set str0 $str
set str {}
} else {
set str0 [string range $tstr 0 [incr s0 -1]]
set s0 [string first \n $tstr]
set str [string range $tstr [incr s0] end]
}
set cols $str0
set titles [lrange $cols $sind end]
foreach i $titles {
$w column insert end $i
}
if {!$istable} {
set col0 [lindex $cols 0]
$w column conf 0 -title $col0
}
} else {
set titles [lrange $cols $sind end]
if {[lindex $cols 0] != "#0"} { error "tree col must be first" }
}
if {$istable} {
} else {
set str [string map {\t { }} $str]
}
set lst [split $str \n]
if {$istable} {
foreach i $lst {
set data {}
foreach j $i k $titles {
if {$k == {}} break
if {$j != {}} {
lappend data $k $j
}
}
$w insert end #auto -data $data
}
} else {
set msg {}
while {[string trim [lindex $lst 0]] == {} && [llength $lst]>1} {
set lst [lrange $lst 1 end]
}
set l0 [lindex $lst 0]
set l0a [string trimleft $l0]
set sp0 [expr {[string length $l0]-[string length $l0a]}]
set at 0
set n 0
foreach i $lst {
incr n
set lbl [lindex $i 0]
set ii [lrange $i 1 end]
set la [string trimleft $i]
if {$la == {}} continue
set sp [expr {[string length $i]-[string length $la]}]
set lev [expr {($sp-$sp0)/4}]
set mod [expr {($sp-$sp0)%4}]
if {$mod && $msg == {}} {
set msg "treeview data indent ($mod) not divisible by 4 in: '$i'"
}
set data {}
foreach j $ii k $titles {
if {$k == {}} {
set k [$w column insert end #auto]
lappend titles $k
}
if {$j != {}} {
lappend data $k $j
}
}
if {$lev<=0 || $n==1} {
set at 0
} else {
set at [$w index tail]
while {[$w entry depth $at]>$lev} {
set at [$w entry parent $at]
}
}
$w insert end [list $lbl] -at $at -data $data
}
if {$msg != {}} {
tclLog $msg
}
}
}
if {$argv0 == [info script]} {
if {[llength $argv]} {
return [eval ::blt::tv::TableLoad $argv]
}
pack [treeview .tt ] -side left -fill both -expand y
variable tree {
A 1
A 2
{B - -X 1 -Y 2} 2
{C +} {
a 1
b 2
{c - -X 3} 2
{d +} {
x 1
}
}
}
::blt::tv::TreeLoad .tt $tree -trim - -nice 1
tclLog [::blt::tv::TreeDump .tt]
pack [treeview .tf ] -side left -fill both -expand y
::blt::tv::TreeFill .tf {
A 1 2 3
C 1 2 3
B 1 2 3
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
a 1 2 3
b 1 2 3
}
.tf open [.tf find -istree]
namespace eval ::blt::tv {
TableLoad -titles {Name Alpha Bravo Charlie Detroit Foxtrot} -data {
{Bob 9 21 9}
{Derick 2 1 5}
{Bill 3 2 5 2 1}
}
if {$::tcl_platform(platform) == "unix"} {
TableLoad -eval {exec df} -ititles 1 -split 1
TableLoad -ititles 1 -treefield PID -subfield PPID -split 1 -eval {exec ps -eo comm,uid_hack,rss,sz,time,pid,ppid,tty}
TableLoad -ititles 1 -data [split [exec ps -Alwj] \n]
TableLoad -ititles 1 -data [array get ::env] -llength 2
proc LoadPs {} {
set data [split [string trim [exec ps auxw]] \n]
set ttl [lindex $data 0]
set lst {}
lappend lst $ttl
set pos [string last [lindex $ttl end] $ttl]
foreach i [lrange $data 1 end] {
set nl [string range $i 0 [expr {$pos-1}]]
lappend nl [string range $i $pos end]
lappend lst $nl
}
return $lst
}
TableLoad -ititles 1 -eval {LoadPs} -refresh 3000
#eval TableLoad [lrange $argv $n end]
}
}
}
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