Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/bash
#
# USAGE:
# runAllTests.sh [options]
# -b Include data build tests in application.
# -C Include class tests in lib/pkp.
# -P Include plugin tests in lib/pkp.
# -c Include class tests in application.
# -p Include plugin tests in application.
# -f Include functional tests in application.
# -H Generate HTML code coverage report.
# -d Display debug output from phpunit.
# If no options are specified, then all tests will be executed.
#
# Some tests will certain require environment variables in order to cnfigure
# the environment. In particular...
# DUMMY_PDF=dummy.pdf: Path to dummy PDF file to use for document uploads
# DUMMY_ZIP=dummy.zip: Path to dummy ZIP file to use for document uploads
# BASEURL="http://localhost/omp": Full URL to base URL, excluding index.php
# DBHOST=localhost: Hostname of database server
# DBNAME=yyy: Database name
# DBUSERNAME=xxx: Username for database connections
# DBPASSWORD=zzz: Database password
# FILESDIR=files: Pathname to use for storing server-side submission files
# DBTYPE=MySQL: Name of database driver (MySQL or PostgreSQL)
# TIMEOUT=30: Selenium timeout; optional, 30 seconds by default
#
set -xe # Fail on first error
# We recommend using Travis (https://travis-ci.org/) for continuous-integration
# based testing. Review the Travis configuration file (.travis.yml) as a
# reference for running the test locally, should you choose to do so.
#
# The tests include an integration test suite that builds a data environment
# from scratch, including the installation process. (This is the "-b" flag to
# this script; this is also executed in the Travis environment.)
# Identify the tests directory.
TESTS_DIR=`readlink -f "lib/pkp/tests"`
# Shortcuts to the test environments.
TEST_CONF1="--configuration $TESTS_DIR/phpunit-env1.xml"
TEST_CONF2="--configuration $TESTS_DIR/phpunit-env2.xml"
### Command Line Options ###
# Run all types of tests by default, unless one or more is specified
DO_ALL=1
# Various types of tests
DO_APP_DATA=0
DO_PKP_CLASSES=0
DO_PKP_PLUGINS=0
DO_APP_CLASSES=0
DO_APP_PLUGINS=0
DO_APP_FUNCTIONAL=0
DO_COVERAGE=0
DEBUG=""
# Parse arguments
while getopts "bCPcpfdH" opt; do
case "$opt" in
b) DO_ALL=0
DO_APP_DATA=1
;;
C) DO_ALL=0
DO_PKP_CLASSES=1
;;
P) DO_ALL=0
DO_PKP_PLUGINS=1
;;
c) DO_ALL=0
DO_APP_CLASSES=1
;;
p) DO_ALL=0
DO_APP_PLUGINS=1
;;
f) DO_ALL=0
DO_APP_FUNCTIONAL=1
;;
H) DO_COVERAGE=1
;;
d) DEBUG="--debug"
;;
esac
done
phpunit='php lib/pkp/lib/vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit'
REPORT_SWITCH=''
REPORT_TMP="$TESTS_DIR/results/coverage-tmp"
if [ \( "$DO_ALL" -eq 1 \) -o \( "$DO_APP_DATA" -eq 1 \) ]; then
if [ \( "$DO_COVERAGE" -eq 1 \) ]; then
REPORT_SWITCH="--coverage-php $REPORT_TMP/coverage-APP_DATA.php"
fi
$phpunit $DEBUG $TEST_CONF1 -v --stop-on-failure --stop-on-skipped $REPORT_SWITCH tests/data
fi
if [ \( "$DO_ALL" -eq 1 \) -o \( "$DO_PKP_CLASSES" -eq 1 \) ]; then
if [ \( "$DO_COVERAGE" -eq 1 \) ]; then
REPORT_SWITCH="--coverage-php $REPORT_TMP/coverage-PKP_CLASSES.php"
fi
$phpunit $DEBUG $TEST_CONF1 -v $REPORT_SWITCH lib/pkp/tests/classes
fi
if [ \( "$DO_ALL" -eq 1 \) -o \( "$DO_PKP_PLUGINS" -eq 1 \) ]; then
if [ \( "$DO_COVERAGE" -eq 1 \) ]; then
REPORT_SWITCH="--coverage-php $REPORT_TMP/coverage-PKP_PLUGINS.php"
fi
$phpunit $DEBUG $TEST_CONF2 -v $REPORT_SWITCH lib/pkp/plugins
fi
if [ \( "$DO_ALL" -eq 1 \) -o \( "$DO_APP_CLASSES" -eq 1 \) ]; then
if [ \( "$DO_COVERAGE" -eq 1 \) ]; then
REPORT_SWITCH="--coverage-php $REPORT_TMP/coverage-APP_CLASSES.php"
fi
$phpunit $DEBUG $TEST_CONF1 -v $REPORT_SWITCH tests/classes
fi
if [ \( "$DO_ALL" -eq 1 \) -o \( "$DO_APP_PLUGINS" -eq 1 \) ]; then
if [ \( "$DO_COVERAGE" -eq 1 \) ]; then
REPORT_SWITCH="--coverage-php $REPORT_TMP/coverage-APP_PLUGINS.php"
fi
find plugins -name tests -maxdepth 3 -type d -exec $phpunit $DEBUG $TEST_CONF2 -v $REPORT_SWITCH "{}" ";"
fi
if [ \( "$DO_ALL" -eq 1 \) -o \( "$DO_APP_FUNCTIONAL" -eq 1 \) ]; then
if [ \( "$DO_COVERAGE" -eq 1 \) ]; then
REPORT_SWITCH="--coverage-php $REPORT_TMP/coverage-APP_FUNCTIONAL.php"
fi
$phpunit $DEBUG $TEST_CONF1 -v $REPORT_SWITCH tests/functional
fi
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