Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file tools/poToCountries.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class poToCountries
* @ingroup tools
*
* @brief CLI tool to convert a .PO file for ISO3166 into the countries.xml format
* supported by the PKP suite. These .po files can be sourced from e.g.:
* https://packages.debian.org/source/sid/iso-codes
*/
require(dirname(dirname(dirname(dirname(__FILE__)))) . '/tools/bootstrap.inc.php');
define('PO_TO_CSV_TOOL', '/usr/bin/po2csv');
class poToCountries extends CommandLineTool {
/** @var $locale string */
var $locale;
/** @var $translationFile string */
var $translationFile;
/**
* Constructor
*/
function __construct($argv = array()) {
parent::__construct($argv);
array_shift($argv); // Shift the tool name off the top
$this->locale = array_shift($argv);
$this->translationFile = array_shift($argv);
if ( !PKPLocale::isLocaleValid($this->locale) ||
empty($this->translationFile) ||
!file_exists($this->translationFile)
) {
$this->usage();
exit(1);
}
}
/**
* Print command usage information.
*/
function usage() {
echo "Script to convert PO file to PKP's ISO3166 XML format\n"
. "Usage: {$this->scriptName} locale /path/to/translation.po\n";
}
/**
* Rebuild the search index for all articles in all journals.
*/
function execute() {
// Read the translated file as a map from English => Whatever
$ih = popen(PO_TO_CSV_TOOL . ' ' . escapeshellarg($this->translationFile), 'r');
if (!$ih) die ('Unable to read ' . $this->translationFile . ' using ' . PO_TO_CSV_TOOL . "\n");
$translationMap = array();
while ($row = fgetcsv($ih)) {
if (count($row) != 3) continue;
list($comment, $english, $translation) = $row;
$translationMap[$english] = $translation;
}
fclose($ih);
// Get the English map
$countryDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('CountryDAO');
$countries = $countryDao->getCountries();
// Generate a map of code => translation
$outputMap = array();
foreach ($countries as $code => $english) {
if (!isset($translationMap[$english])) {
echo "WARNING: Unknown country \"$english\"! Using English as default.\n";
$outputMap[$code] = $english;
} else {
$outputMap[$code] = $translationMap[$english];
unset($translationMap[$english]);
}
}
// Use the map to convert the country list to the new locale
$tfn = 'locale/' . $this->locale . '/countries.xml';
$ofn = 'lib/pkp/' . $tfn;
$oh = fopen($ofn, 'w');
if (!$oh) die ("Unable to $ofn for writing.\n");
fwrite($oh, '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE countries SYSTEM "../../dtd/countries.dtd">
<!--
* ' . $tfn . '
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* Localized list of countries.
* Please don\'t edit or translate. This file is automatically generated using
* the ISO 3166 files of Debian\'s iso-codes package
* (https://packages.debian.org/sid/all/iso-codes) using the
* tools/poToCountries.php tool.
-->
<countries>
');
foreach ($outputMap as $code => $translation) {
fwrite($oh, " <country name=\"$translation\" code=\"$code\"/>\n");
}
fwrite($oh, "</countries>");
fclose($oh);
}
}
$tool = new poToCountries(isset($argv) ? $argv : array());
$tool->execute();
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