Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file tools/parseCitations.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class CitationsParsingTool
* @ingroup tools
*
* @brief CLI tool to parse existing citations
*/
require(dirname(dirname(dirname(dirname(__FILE__)))) . '/tools/bootstrap.inc.php');
class CitationsParsingTool extends CommandLineTool {
/**
* Constructor.
* @param $argv array command-line arguments
*/
function __construct($argv = array()) {
parent::__construct($argv);
if (!sizeof($this->argv)) {
$this->usage();
exit(1);
}
$this->parameters = $this->argv;
}
/**
* Print command usage information.
*/
function usage() {
echo "Parse and save submission(s) citations.\n"
. "Usage:\n"
. "{$this->scriptName} all\n"
. "{$this->scriptName} context context_id [...]\n"
. "{$this->scriptName} submission submission_id [...]\n";
}
/**
* Parse citations
*/
function execute() {
$submissionDao = Application::getSubmissionDAO();
$citationDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('CitationDAO');
$contextDao = Application::getContextDAO();
switch(array_shift($this->parameters)) {
case 'all':
$contexts = $contextDao->getAll();
while ($context = $contexts->next()) {
$submissions = $submissionDao->getByContextId($context->getId());
while ($submission = $submissions->next()) {
$rawCitationList = $submission->getCitations();
$citationDao->importCitations($submission->getId(), $rawCitationList);
}
}
break;
case 'context':
foreach($this->parameters as $contextId) {
$context = $contextDao->getById($contextId);
if(!isset($context)) {
printf("Error: Skipping $contextId. Unknown context.\n");
continue;
}
$submissions = $submissionDao->getByContextId($contextId);
while ($submission = $submissions->next()) {
$rawCitationList = $submission->getCitations();
$citationDao->importCitations($submission->getId(), $rawCitationList);
}
}
break;
case 'submission':
foreach($this->parameters as $submissionId) {
$submission = $submissionDao->getById($submissionId);
if(!isset($submission)) {
printf("Error: Skipping $submissionId. Unknown submission.\n");
continue;
}
$rawCitationList = $submission->getCitations();
$citationDao->importCitations($submission->getId(), $rawCitationList);
}
break;
default:
$this->usage();
break;
}
}
}
$tool = new CitationsParsingTool(isset($argv) ? $argv : array());
$tool->execute();
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