Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /home/bilfatvps/html/journal.stitaf.ac.id/lib/pkp/classes/xml/XMLParser.inc.php
<?php

/**
 * @defgroup xml XML
 * Implements XML parsing and creation concerns.
 */

/**
 * @file classes/xml/XMLParser.inc.php
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
 * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
 *
 * @class XMLParser
 * @ingroup xml
 *
 * @brief Generic class for parsing an XML document into a data structure.
 */


// The default character encodings
define('XML_PARSER_SOURCE_ENCODING', Config::getVar('i18n', 'client_charset'));
define('XML_PARSER_TARGET_ENCODING', Config::getVar('i18n', 'client_charset'));

import('lib.pkp.classes.xml.XMLParserDOMHandler');

class XMLParser {

	/** @var int original magic_quotes_runtime setting */
	var $magicQuotes;

	/** @var object instance of XMLParserHandler */
	var $handler;

	/** @var array List of error strings */
	var $errors;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 * Initialize parser and set parser options.
	 */
	function __construct() {
		// magic_quotes_runtime must be disabled for XML parsing
		$this->magicQuotes = get_magic_quotes_runtime();
		if ($this->magicQuotes) set_magic_quotes_runtime(0);
		$this->errors = array();
	}

	function &parseText($text) {
		$parser =& $this->createParser();

		if (!isset($this->handler)) {
			// Use default handler for parsing
			$handler = new XMLParserDOMHandler();
			$this->setHandler($handler);
		}

		xml_set_object($parser, $this->handler);
		xml_set_element_handler($parser, "startElement", "endElement");
		xml_set_character_data_handler($parser, "characterData");

		if (!xml_parse($parser, $text, true)) {
			$this->addError(xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)));
		}

		$result =& $this->handler->getResult();
		$this->destroyParser($parser);
		if (isset($handler)) {
			$handler->destroy();
		}
		return $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Parse an XML file using the specified handler.
	 * If no handler has been specified, XMLParserDOMHandler is used by default, returning a tree structure representing the document.
	 * @param $file string full path to the XML file
	 * @param $dataCallback mixed Optional callback for data handling: function dataCallback($operation, $wrapper, $data = null)
	 * @return object actual return type depends on the handler
	 */
	function &parse($file, $dataCallback = null) {
		$parser =& $this->createParser();

		if (!isset($this->handler)) {
			// Use default handler for parsing
			$handler = new XMLParserDOMHandler();
			$this->setHandler($handler);
		}

		xml_set_object($parser, $this->handler);
		xml_set_element_handler($parser, "startElement", "endElement");
		xml_set_character_data_handler($parser, "characterData");

		import('lib.pkp.classes.file.FileWrapper');
		$wrapper = FileWrapper::wrapper($file);

		// Handle responses of various types
		while (true) {
			$newWrapper = $wrapper->open();
			if (is_a($newWrapper, 'FileWrapper')) {
				// Follow a redirect
				$wrapper = $newWrapper;
			} elseif (!$newWrapper) {
				// Could not open resource -- error
				$returner = false;
				return $returner;
			} else {
				// OK, we've found the end result
				break;
			}
		}

		if (!$wrapper) {
			$result = false;
			return $result;
		}

		if ($dataCallback) call_user_func($dataCallback, 'open', $wrapper);

		while (!$wrapper->eof() && ($data = $wrapper->read()) !== false) {
			if ($dataCallback) call_user_func($dataCallback, 'parse', $wrapper, $data);
			if (!xml_parse($parser, $data, $wrapper->eof())) {
				$this->addError(xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)));
			}
		}

		if ($dataCallback) call_user_func($dataCallback, 'close', $wrapper);
		$wrapper->close();
		$result = $this->handler->getResult();
		$this->destroyParser($parser);
		if (isset($handler)) {
			$handler->destroy();
		}
		return $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Add an error to the current error list
	 * @param $error string
	 */
	function addError($error) {
		array_push($this->errors, $error);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the current list of errors
	 */
	function getErrors() {
		return $this->errors;
	}

	/**
	 * Determine whether or not the parser encountered an error (false)
	 * or completed successfully (true)
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	function getStatus() {
		return empty($this->errors);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the handler to use for parse(...).
	 * @param $handler XMLParserHandler
	 */
	function setHandler(&$handler) {
		$this->handler =& $handler;
	}

	/**
	 * Parse XML data using xml_parse_into_struct and return data in an array.
	 * This is best suited for XML documents with fairly simple structure.
	 * @param $text string XML data
	 * @param $tagsToMatch array optional, if set tags not in the array will be skipped
	 * @return array a struct of the form ($TAG => array('attributes' => array( ... ), 'value' => $VALUE), ... )
	 */
	function &parseTextStruct(&$text, $tagsToMatch = array()) {
		$parser =& $this->createParser();
		xml_parse_into_struct($parser, $text, $values, $tags);
		$this->destroyParser($parser);

		// Clean up data struct, removing undesired tags if necessary
		foreach ($tags as $key => $indices) {
			if (!empty($tagsToMatch) && !in_array($key, $tagsToMatch)) {
				continue;
			}

			$data[$key] = array();

			foreach ($indices as $index) {
				if (!isset($values[$index]['type']) || ($values[$index]['type'] != 'open' && $values[$index]['type'] != 'complete')) {
					continue;
				}

				$data[$key][] = array(
					'attributes' => isset($values[$index]['attributes']) ? $values[$index]['attributes'] : array(),
					'value' => isset($values[$index]['value']) ? $values[$index]['value'] : ''
				);
			}
		}

		return $data;
	}

	/**
	 * Parse an XML file using xml_parse_into_struct and return data in an array.
	 * This is best suited for XML documents with fairly simple structure.
	 * @param $file string full path to the XML file
	 * @param $tagsToMatch array optional, if set tags not in the array will be skipped
	 * @return array a struct of the form ($TAG => array('attributes' => array( ... ), 'value' => $VALUE), ... )
	 */
	function &parseStruct($file, $tagsToMatch = array()) {
		import('lib.pkp.classes.file.FileWrapper');
		$wrapper = FileWrapper::wrapper($file);
		$fileContents = $wrapper->contents();
		if (!$fileContents) {
			$result = false;
			return $result;
		}
		$returner =& $this->parseTextStruct($fileContents, $tagsToMatch);
		return $returner;
	}

	/**
	 * Initialize a new XML parser.
	 * @return resource
	 */
	function &createParser() {
		$parser = xml_parser_create(XML_PARSER_SOURCE_ENCODING);
		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_TARGET_ENCODING, XML_PARSER_TARGET_ENCODING);
		xml_parser_set_option($parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, false);
		return $parser;
	}

	/**
	 * Destroy XML parser.
	 * @param $parser resource
	 */
	function destroyParser($parser) {
		xml_parser_free($parser);
	}

	/**
	 * Perform required clean up for this object.
	 */
	function destroy() {
		// Set magic_quotes_runtime back to original setting
		if ($this->magicQuotes) set_magic_quotes_runtime($this->magicQuotes);
	}

}

/**
 * Interface for handler class used by XMLParser.
 * All XML parser handler classes must implement these methods.
 */
class XMLParserHandler {

	/**
	 * Callback function to act as the start element handler.
	 * @param $parser XMLParser
	 * @param $tag string
	 * @param $attributes array
	 */
	function startElement($parser, $tag, $attributes) {
	}

	/**
	 * Callback function to act as the end element handler.
	 * @param $parser XMLParser
	 * @param $tag string
	 */
	function endElement($parser, $tag) {
	}

	/**
	 * Callback function to act as the character data handler.
	 * @param $parser XMLParser
	 * @param $data string
	 */
	function characterData($parser, $data) {
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a resulting data structure representing the parsed content.
	 * The format of this object is specific to the handler.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	function getResult() {
		return null;
	}
}

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