Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file classes/xml/XMLNode.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class XMLNode
* @ingroup xml
*
* @brief Default handler for XMLParser returning a simple DOM-style object.
* This handler parses an XML document into a tree structure of XMLNode objects.
*/
class XMLNode {
/** @var string the element (tag) name */
var $name;
/** @var XMLNode reference to the parent node (null if this is the root node) */
var $parent;
/** @var array the element's attributes */
var $attributes;
/** @var string the element's value */
var $value;
/** @var array references to the XMLNode children of this node */
var $children;
/**
* Constructor.
* @param $name element/tag name
*/
function __construct($name = null) {
$this->name = $name;
$this->parent = null;
$this->attributes = array();
$this->value = null;
$this->children = array();
}
/**
* @param $includeNamespace boolean
* @return string
*/
function getName($includeNamespace = true) {
if (
$includeNamespace ||
($i = strpos($this->name, ':')) === false
) return $this->name;
return substr($this->name, $i+1);
}
/**
* @param $name string
*/
function setName($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
/**
* @return XMLNode
*/
function &getParent() {
return $this->parent;
}
/**
* @param $parent XMLNode
*/
function setParent(&$parent) {
$this->parent =& $parent;
}
/**
* @return array all attributes
*/
function getAttributes() {
return $this->attributes;
}
/**
* @param $name string attribute name
* @return string attribute value
*/
function getAttribute($name) {
return isset($this->attributes[$name]) ? $this->attributes[$name] : null;
}
/**
* @param $name string attribute name
* @param value string attribute value
*/
function setAttribute($name, $value) {
$this->attributes[$name] = $value;
}
/**
* @param $attributes array
*/
function setAttributes($attributes) {
$this->attributes = $attributes;
}
/**
* @return string
*/
function &getValue() {
return $this->value;
}
/**
* @param $value string
*/
function setValue($value) {
$this->value =& $value;
}
/**
* @return array this node's children (XMLNode objects)
*/
function &getChildren() {
return $this->children;
}
/**
* @param $name
* @param $index
* @return XMLNode the ($index+1)th child matching the specified name
*/
function &getChildByName($name, $index = 0) {
if (!is_array($name)) $name = array($name);
foreach ($this->children as $key => $junk) {
$child =& $this->children[$key];
if (in_array($child->getName(), $name)) {
if ($index == 0) {
return $child;
} else {
$index--;
}
}
unset($child);
}
$child = null;
return $child;
}
/**
* Get the value of a child node.
* @param $name String name of node
* @param $index Optional integer index of child node to find
*/
function &getChildValue($name, $index = 0) {
$node =& $this->getChildByName($name);
if ($node) {
$returner =& $node->getValue();
} else {
$returner = null;
}
return $returner;
}
/**
* @param $node XMLNode the child node to add
*/
function addChild(&$node) {
$this->children[] =& $node;
}
/**
* @param $output file handle to write to, or true for stdout, or null if XML to be returned as string
* @return string
*/
function &toXml($output = null) {
$nullVar = null;
$out = '';
if ($this->parent === null) {
// This is the root node. Output information about the document.
$out .= "<?xml version=\"" . $this->getAttribute('version') . "\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n";
if ($this->getAttribute('type') != '') {
if ($this->getAttribute('url') != '') {
$out .= "<!DOCTYPE " . $this->getAttribute('type') . " PUBLIC \"" . $this->getAttribute('dtd') . "\" \"" . $this->getAttribute('url') . "\">";
} else {
$out .= "<!DOCTYPE " . $this->getAttribute('type') . " SYSTEM \"" . $this->getAttribute('dtd') . "\">";
}
}
}
if ($this->name !== null) {
$out .= '<' . $this->name;
foreach ($this->attributes as $name => $value) {
$value = XMLNode::xmlentities($value);
$out .= " $name=\"$value\"";
}
if ($this->name !== '!--') {
$out .= '>';
}
}
$out .= XMLNode::xmlentities($this->value, ENT_NOQUOTES);
foreach ($this->children as $child) {
if ($output !== null) {
if ($output === true) echo $out;
else fwrite ($output, $out);
$out = '';
}
$out .= $child->toXml($output);
}
if ($this->name === '!--') {
$out .= '-->';
} else if ($this->name !== null) {
$out .= '</' . $this->name . '>';
}
if ($output !== null) {
if ($output === true) echo $out;
else fwrite ($output, $out);
return $nullVar;
}
return $out;
}
function xmlentities($string, $quote_style=ENT_QUOTES) {
return htmlspecialchars($string, $quote_style, 'UTF-8');
}
function destroy() {
unset($this->value, $this->attributes, $this->parent, $this->name);
foreach ($this->children as $child) {
$child->destroy();
}
unset($this->children);
}
}
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