Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @defgroup user User
* Implements data objects and DAOs concerned with managing user accounts.
*/
/**
* @file classes/user/User.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class User
* @ingroup user
* @see UserDAO
*
* @brief Basic class describing users existing in the system.
*/
import('lib.pkp.classes.identity.Identity');
class User extends Identity {
/** @var array Roles assigned to this user grouped by context */
protected $_roles = array();
//
// Get/set methods
//
/**
* Get username.
* @return string
*/
function getUsername() {
return $this->getData('username');
}
/**
* Set username.
* @param $username string
*/
function setUsername($username) {
$this->setData('username', $username);
}
/**
* Get implicit auth ID string.
* @return String
*/
function getAuthStr() {
return $this->getData('authStr');
}
/**
* Set Shib ID string for this user.
* @param $authStr string
*/
function setAuthStr($authStr) {
$this->setData('authStr', $authStr);
}
/**
* Get localized user signature.
*/
function getLocalizedSignature() {
return $this->getLocalizedData('signature');
}
/**
* Get email signature.
* @param $locale string
* @return string
*/
function getSignature($locale) {
return $this->getData('signature', $locale);
}
/**
* Set signature.
* @param $signature string
* @param $locale string
*/
function setSignature($signature, $locale) {
$this->setData('signature', $signature, $locale);
}
/**
* Get password (encrypted).
* @return string
*/
function getPassword() {
return $this->getData('password');
}
/**
* Set password (assumed to be already encrypted).
* @param $password string
*/
function setPassword($password) {
$this->setData('password', $password);
}
/**
* Get phone number.
* @return string
*/
function getPhone() {
return $this->getData('phone');
}
/**
* Set phone number.
* @param $phone string
*/
function setPhone($phone) {
$this->setData('phone', $phone);
}
/**
* Get mailing address.
* @return string
*/
function getMailingAddress() {
return $this->getData('mailingAddress');
}
/**
* Set mailing address.
* @param $mailingAddress string
*/
function setMailingAddress($mailingAddress) {
$this->setData('mailingAddress', $mailingAddress);
}
/**
* Get billing address.
* @return string
*/
function getBillingAddress() {
return $this->getData('billingAddress');
}
/**
* Set billing address.
* @param $billingAddress string
*/
function setBillingAddress($billingAddress) {
$this->setData('billingAddress', $billingAddress);
}
/**
* Get the user's interests displayed as a comma-separated string
* @return string
*/
function getInterestString() {
import('lib.pkp.classes.user.InterestManager');
$interestManager = new InterestManager();
return $interestManager->getInterestsString($this);
}
/**
* Get user gossip.
* @return string
*/
function getGossip() {
return $this->getData('gossip');
}
/**
* Set user gossip.
* @param $gossip string
*/
function setGossip($gossip) {
$this->setData('gossip', $gossip);
}
/**
* Get user's working languages.
* @return array
*/
function getLocales() {
$locales = $this->getData('locales');
return isset($locales) ? $locales : array();
}
/**
* Set user's working languages.
* @param $locales array
*/
function setLocales($locales) {
$this->setData('locales', $locales);
}
/**
* Get date user last sent an email.
* @return datestamp (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
*/
function getDateLastEmail() {
return $this->getData('dateLastEmail');
}
/**
* Set date user last sent an email.
* @param $dateLastEmail datestamp (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
*/
function setDateLastEmail($dateLastEmail) {
$this->setData('dateLastEmail', $dateLastEmail);
}
/**
* Get date user registered with the site.
* @return datestamp (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
*/
function getDateRegistered() {
return $this->getData('dateRegistered');
}
/**
* Set date user registered with the site.
* @param $dateRegistered datestamp (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
*/
function setDateRegistered($dateRegistered) {
$this->setData('dateRegistered', $dateRegistered);
}
/**
* Get date user email was validated with the site.
* @return datestamp (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
*/
function getDateValidated() {
return $this->getData('dateValidated');
}
/**
* Set date user email was validated with the site.
* @param $dateValidated datestamp (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS)
*/
function setDateValidated($dateValidated) {
$this->setData('dateValidated', $dateValidated);
}
/**
* Get date user last logged in to the site.
* @return datestamp
*/
function getDateLastLogin() {
return $this->getData('dateLastLogin');
}
/**
* Set date user last logged in to the site.
* @param $dateLastLogin datestamp
*/
function setDateLastLogin($dateLastLogin) {
$this->setData('dateLastLogin', $dateLastLogin);
}
/**
* Check if user must change their password on their next login.
* @return boolean
*/
function getMustChangePassword() {
return $this->getData('mustChangePassword');
}
/**
* Set whether or not user must change their password on their next login.
* @param $mustChangePassword boolean
*/
function setMustChangePassword($mustChangePassword) {
$this->setData('mustChangePassword', $mustChangePassword);
}
/**
* Check if user is disabled.
* @return boolean
*/
function getDisabled() {
return $this->getData('disabled');
}
/**
* Set whether or not user is disabled.
* @param $disabled boolean
*/
function setDisabled($disabled) {
$this->setData('disabled', $disabled);
}
/**
* Get the reason the user was disabled.
* @return string
*/
function getDisabledReason() {
return $this->getData('disabled_reason');
}
/**
* Set the reason the user is disabled.
* @param $reasonDisabled string
*/
function setDisabledReason($reasonDisabled) {
$this->setData('disabled_reason', $reasonDisabled);
}
/**
* Get ID of authentication source for this user.
* @return int
*/
function getAuthId() {
return $this->getData('authId');
}
/**
* Set ID of authentication source for this user.
* @param $authId int
*/
function setAuthId($authId) {
$this->setData('authId', $authId);
}
/**
* Get the inline help display status for this user.
* @return int
*/
function getInlineHelp() {
return $this->getData('inlineHelp');
}
/**
* Set the inline help display status for this user.
* @param $inlineHelp int
*/
function setInlineHelp($inlineHelp) {
$this->setData('inlineHelp', $inlineHelp);
}
function getContactSignature() {
$signature = htmlspecialchars($this->getFullName());
AppLocale::requireComponents(LOCALE_COMPONENT_PKP_USER);
if ($a = $this->getLocalizedAffiliation()) $signature .= '<br/>' . htmlspecialchars($a);
if ($p = $this->getPhone()) $signature .= '<br/>' . __('user.phone') . ' ' . htmlspecialchars($p);
$signature .= '<br/>' . htmlspecialchars($this->getEmail());
return $signature;
}
/**
* Check if this user has a role in a context
*
* @param int|array $roles Role(s) to check for
* @param int $contextId The context to check for roles in.
* @return bool
*/
public function hasRole($roles, $contextId) {
$contextRoles = $this->getRoles($contextId);
if (empty($contextRoles)) {
return false;
}
if (!is_array($roles)) {
$roles = array($roles);
}
foreach($contextRoles as $contextRole) {
if (in_array((int) $contextRole->getId(), $roles)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Get this user's roles in a context
*
* @param int $contextId The context to retrieve roles in.
* @param bool $noCache Force the roles to be retrieved from the database
* @return array
*/
public function getRoles($contextId, $noCache = false) {
if ($noCache || empty($this->_roles[$contextId])) {
import('lib.pkp.classes.security.RoleDAO');
$userRolesDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('RoleDAO');
$this->setRoles($userRolesDao->getByUserId($this->getId(), $contextId), $contextId);
}
return isset($this->_roles[$contextId]) ? $this->_roles[$contextId] : array();
}
/**
* Set this user's roles in a context
*
* @param array $roles The roles to assign this user
* @param int $contextId The context to assign these roles
*/
public function setRoles($roles, $contextId) {
$this->_roles[$contextId] = $roles;
}
/**
* Retrieve array of user settings.
* @param contextId int
* @return array
*/
function getSettings($contextId = null) {
$userSettingsDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('UserSettingsDAO');
return $userSettingsDao->getSettingsByContextId($this->getId(), $contextId);
}
/**
* Retrieve a user setting value.
* @param $name
* @param $contextId int
* @return mixed
*/
function getSetting($name, $contextId = null) {
$userSettingsDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('UserSettingsDAO');
return $userSettingsDao->getSetting($this->getId(), $name, $contextId);
}
/**
* Set a user setting value.
* @param $name string
* @param $value mixed
* @param $type string optional
* @param $contextId int optional
*/
function updateSetting($name, $value, $type = null, $contextId = null) {
$userSettingsDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('UserSettingsDAO');
return $userSettingsDao->updateSetting($this->getId(), $name, $value, $type, $contextId);
}
}
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