Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @defgroup lib_pkp_classes_statistics
*/
/**
* @file lib/pkp/classes/statistics/PKPMetricsDAO.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class PKPMetricsDAO
* @ingroup lib_pkp_classes_statistics
*
* @brief Class with basic operations for retrieving and adding statistics data.
*/
import('classes.statistics.StatisticsHelper'); //STATISTICS_DIMENSION_
class PKPMetricsDAO extends DAO {
/**
* Retrieve a range of aggregate, filtered, ordered metric values, i.e.
* a statistics report.
*
* @see <https://pkp.sfu.ca/wiki/index.php/OJSdeStatisticsConcept#Input_and_Output_Formats_.28Aggregation.2C_Filters.2C_Metrics_Data.29>
* for a full specification of the input and output format of this method.
*
* @param $metricType string|array metrics selection
* @param $columns string|array column (aggregation level) selection
* @param $filters array report-level filter selection
* @param $orderBy array order criteria
* @param $range null|DBResultRange paging specification
* @param $nonAdditive boolean (optional) Whether the metric type dimension
* will be additive or not. This must be used with care, different metric types
* should not be additive because they may diverge in ways of counting usage events.
*
* @return null|array The selected data as a simple tabular result set or
* null if metrics are not supported, the specified report
* is invalid or cannot be produced or another error occurred.
*/
function &getMetrics($metricType, $columns = array(), $filters = array(), $orderBy = array(), $range = null, $nonAdditive = true) {
// Return by reference.
$nullVar = null;
// Canonicalize and validate parameter format.
if (is_scalar($metricType)) $metricType = array($metricType);
if (is_scalar($columns)) $columns = array($columns);
if (!(is_array($filters) && is_array($orderBy))) return $nullVar;
// Validate parameter content.
foreach ($metricType as $metricTypeElement) {
if (!is_string($metricTypeElement)) return $nullVar;
}
$validColumns = array(
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_CONTEXT_ID,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_PKP_SECTION_ID,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_ASSOC_OBJECT_ID,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_ASSOC_OBJECT_TYPE,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_SUBMISSION_ID,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_REPRESENTATION_ID,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_FILE_TYPE,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_ASSOC_TYPE,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_ASSOC_ID,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_COUNTRY,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_REGION,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_CITY,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_MONTH,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_DAY,
STATISTICS_DIMENSION_METRIC_TYPE
);
// If the metric column was defined, remove it. We've already
// add that below.
$metricKey = array_search(STATISTICS_METRIC, $columns);
if ($metricKey !== false) unset($columns[$metricKey]);
if (count(array_diff($columns, $validColumns)) > 0) return $nullVar;
$validColumns[] = STATISTICS_METRIC;
foreach ($filters as $filterColumn => $value) {
if (!in_array($filterColumn, $validColumns)) return $nullVar;
}
$validDirections = array(STATISTICS_ORDER_ASC, STATISTICS_ORDER_DESC);
foreach ($orderBy as $orderColumn => $direction) {
if (!in_array($orderColumn, $validColumns)) return $nullVar;
if (!in_array($direction, $validDirections)) return $nullVar;
}
// Validate correct use of the (non-additive) metric type dimension. We
// either require a filter on a single metric type or the metric type
// must be present as a column.
if (empty($metricType)) return $nullVar;
if (count($metricType) !== 1 && $nonAdditive) {
if (!in_array(STATISTICS_DIMENSION_METRIC_TYPE, $columns)) {
array_push($columns, STATISTICS_DIMENSION_METRIC_TYPE);
}
}
// Add the metric type as filter.
$filters[STATISTICS_DIMENSION_METRIC_TYPE] = $metricType;
// Build the select and group by clauses.
if (empty($columns)) {
$selectClause = 'SELECT SUM(metric) AS metric';
$groupByClause = '';
} else {
$selectedColumns = implode(', ', $columns);
$selectClause = "SELECT $selectedColumns, SUM(metric) AS metric";
$groupByClause = "GROUP BY $selectedColumns";
}
// Build the where and having clauses.
$params = array();
$whereClause = '';
$havingClause = '';
$isFirst = true;
foreach ($filters as $column => $values) {
// The filter array contains STATISTICS_* constants for the filtered
// hierarchy aggregation level as keys.
if ($column === STATISTICS_METRIC) {
$havingClause = 'HAVING ';
$currentClause =& $havingClause; // Reference required.
} else {
if ($isFirst && $column) {
$whereClause = 'WHERE ';
$isFirst = false;
} else {
$whereClause .= ' AND ';
}
$currentClause =& $whereClause; // Reference required.
}
if (is_array($values) && isset($values['from'])) {
// Range filter: The value is a hashed array with from/to entries.
if (!isset($values['to'])) return $nullVar;
$currentClause .= "($column BETWEEN ? AND ?)";
$params[] = $values['from'];
$params[] = $values['to'];
} else {
// Element selection filter: The value is a scalar or an
// unordered array of one or more hierarchy element IDs.
if (is_array($values) && count($values) === 1) {
$values = array_pop($values);
}
if (is_scalar($values)) {
$currentClause .= "$column = ?";
$params[] = $values;
} elseif (count($values)) {
$placeholders = array_pad(array(), count($values), '?');
$placeholders = implode(', ', $placeholders);
$currentClause .= "$column IN ($placeholders)";
foreach ($values as $value) {
$params[] = $value;
}
} else {
// count($values) == 0: No matches should be returned.
$currentClause .= '1=0';
}
}
unset($currentClause);
}
// Replace the current time constant by time values
// inside the parameters array.
$currentTime = array(
STATISTICS_YESTERDAY => date('Ymd', strtotime('-1 day', time())),
STATISTICS_CURRENT_MONTH => date('Ym', time()));
foreach ($currentTime as $constant => $time) {
$currentTimeKeys = array_keys($params, $constant);
foreach ($currentTimeKeys as $key) {
$params[$key] = $time;
}
}
// Build the order-by clause.
$orderByClause = '';
if (count($orderBy) > 0) {
$isFirst = true;
foreach ($orderBy as $orderColumn => $direction) {
if ($isFirst) {
$orderByClause = 'ORDER BY ';
} else {
$orderByClause .= ', ';
}
$orderByClause .= "$orderColumn $direction";
$isFirst = false;
}
}
// Build the report.
$sql = "$selectClause FROM metrics $whereClause $groupByClause $havingClause $orderByClause";
if (is_a($range, 'DBResultRange')) $result = $this->retrieveRange($sql, $params, $range);
else $result = $this->retrieve($sql, $params);
// Return the report.
$returner = $result->GetAll();
return $returner;
}
/**
* Get all load ids that are associated
* with records filtered by the passed
* arguments.
* @param $assocType int
* @param $assocId int
* @param $metricType string
* @return array
*/
function getLoadId($assocType, $assocId, $metricType) {
$params = array($assocType, $assocId, $metricType);
$result = $this->retrieve('SELECT load_id FROM metrics WHERE assoc_type = ? AND assoc_id = ? AND metric_type = ? GROUP BY load_id', $params);
$loadIds = array();
while (!$result->EOF) {
$row = $result->FetchRow();
$loadIds[] = $row['load_id'];
}
return $loadIds;
}
/**
* Check for the presence of any record
* that has the passed metric type.
* @param $metricType string
* @return boolean
*/
function hasRecord($metricType) {
$result = $this->retrieve('SELECT load_id FROM metrics WHERE metric_type = ? LIMIT 1', array($metricType));
$row = $result->GetRowAssoc();
if ($row) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
/**
* Purge a load batch.
*
* @param $loadId string
*/
function purgeLoadBatch($loadId) {
$this->update('DELETE FROM metrics WHERE load_id = ?', $loadId); // Not a number.
}
/**
* Purge all records associated with the passed metric type
* until the passed date.
* @param $metricType string
* @param $toDate string
*/
function purgeRecords($metricType, $toDate) {
$this->update('DELETE FROM metrics WHERE metric_type = ? AND day IS NOT NULL AND day <= ?', array($metricType, $toDate));
}
/**
* Insert an entry into metrics table.
*
* @param $record array
* @param $errorMsg string
*/
function insertRecord($record) {
$recordToStore = array();
// Required dimensions.
$requiredDimensions = array('load_id', 'assoc_type', 'assoc_id', 'metric_type');
foreach ($requiredDimensions as $requiredDimension) {
if (!isset($record[$requiredDimension])) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: missing dimension "' . $requiredDimension . '".');
}
$recordToStore[$requiredDimension] = $record[$requiredDimension];
}
$assocType = $recordToStore['assoc_type'] = (int)$recordToStore['assoc_type'];
$assocId = $recordToStore['assoc_id'] = (int)$recordToStore['assoc_id'];
list($contextId, $pkpSectionId, $assocObjType,
$assocObjId, $submissionId, $representationId) = $this->foreignKeyLookup($assocType, $assocId);
$recordToStore['context_id'] = $contextId;
$recordToStore['pkp_section_id'] = $pkpSectionId;
$recordToStore['assoc_object_type'] = $assocObjType;
$recordToStore['assoc_object_id'] = $assocObjId;
$recordToStore['submission_id'] = $submissionId;
$recordToStore['representation_id'] = $representationId;
// File type is optional.
if (isset($record['file_type']) && $record['file_type']) $recordToStore['file_type'] = (int)$record['file_type'];
// We require either month or day in the time dimension.
if (isset($record['day'])) {
if (!PKPString::regexp_match('/[0-9]{8}/', $record['day'])) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid date.');
}
$recordToStore['day'] = $record['day'];
$recordToStore['month'] = substr($record['day'], 0, 6);
if (isset($record['month']) && $recordToStore['month'] != $record['month']) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid month.');
}
} elseif (isset($record['month'])) {
if (!PKPString::regexp_match('/[0-9]{6}/', $record['month'])) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid month.');
}
$recordToStore['month'] = $record['month'];
} else {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: Missing time dimension.');
}
// Geolocation is optional.
if (isset($record['country_id'])) $recordToStore['country_id'] = (string)$record['country_id'];
if (isset($record['region'])) $recordToStore['region'] = (string)$record['region'];
if (isset($record['city'])) $recordToStore['city'] = (string)$record['city'];
// The metric must be set. If it is 0 we ignore the record.
if (!isset($record['metric'])) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: metric is missing.');
}
if (!is_numeric($record['metric'])) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid metric.');
}
$recordToStore['metric'] = (int) $record['metric'];
// Save the record to the database.
$fields = implode(', ', array_keys($recordToStore));
$placeholders = implode(', ', array_pad(array(), count($recordToStore), '?'));
$params = array_values($recordToStore);
return $this->update("INSERT INTO metrics ($fields) VALUES ($placeholders)", $params);
}
//
// Protected methods.
//
/**
* Foreign key lookup for the published object dimension.
* @param $assocType int
* @param $assocId int
* @return array Values must be foreign keys relative to the
* context, pkp section, associated object (type and id), submission
* and representation.
*/
protected function foreignKeyLookup($assocType, $assocId) {
$contextId = $sectionId = $submissionId = $assocObjectType = $assocObjectId = $representationId = null;
$isFile = false;
$isRepresentation = false;
switch($assocType) {
case ASSOC_TYPE_SUBMISSION_FILE:
case ASSOC_TYPE_SUBMISSION_FILE_COUNTER_OTHER:
$submissionFileDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('SubmissionFileDAO'); /* @var $submissionFileDao SubmissionFileDAO */
$submissionFile = $submissionFileDao->getLatestRevision($assocId);
if ($submissionFile) {
$isFile = true;
$submissionId = $submissionFile->getSubmissionId();
if ($submissionFile->getAssocType() == ASSOC_TYPE_REPRESENTATION) {
$representationId = $submissionFile->getAssocId();
} else {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: submission file is not associated with a representation object.');
}
} else {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid submission file id.');
}
// Don't break but go on to retrieve the representation.
case ASSOC_TYPE_REPRESENTATION:
if (!$isFile) $representationId = $assocId;
$representationDao = Application::getRepresentationDAO(); /* @var $representationDao RepresentationDAO */
$representation = $representationDao->getById($representationId); /* @var $representation Representation */
if ($representation) {
if (!$isFile) $isRepresentation = true;
$contextId = $representation->getContextId();
$submissionId = $representation->getSubmissionId();
} else {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid representation id.');
}
// Don't break but go on to retrieve the submission.
case ASSOC_TYPE_SUBMISSION:
if (!$isFile && !$isRepresentation) $submissionId = $assocId;
$submissionDao = Application::getSubmissionDAO(); /* @var $submissionDao SubmissionDAO */
$submission = $submissionDao->getById($submissionId);
if ($submission) {
$contextId = $submission->getContextId();
$submissionId = $submission->getId();
$sectionId = $submission->getSectionId();
} else {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid submission id.');
}
list($assocObjectType, $assocObjectId) = $this->getAssocObjectInfo($submissionId, $contextId);
break;
case ASSOC_TYPE_SECTION:
$sectionDao = Application::getSectionDAO();
$section = $sectionDao->getById($assocId); /* @var $section PKPSection */
if ($section) {
$sectionId = $section->getId();
$contextId = $section->getContextId();
} else {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid section id.');
}
break;
case Application::getContextAssocType():
$contextDao = Application::getContextDAO(); /* @var $contextDao ContextDAO */
$context = $contextDao->getById($assocId);
if (!$context) {
throw new Exception('Cannot load record: invalid context id.');
}
$contextId = $assocId;
break;
}
return array($contextId, $sectionId, $assocObjectType, $assocObjectId, $submissionId, $representationId);
}
/**
* Get the id and type of the object that
* the passed submission info is associated with.
* Default implementation returns null, subclasses
* have to implement it.
* @param $submissionId Submission id.
* @param $contextId The submission context id.
* @return array Assoc type and id of the object.
*/
protected function getAssocObjectInfo($submissionId, $contextId) {
return array(null, null);
}
}
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