Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /home/bilfatvps/html/journal.stitaf.ac.id/lib/pkp/classes/security/RoleDAO.inc.php
<?php

/**
 * @file classes/security/RoleDAO.inc.php
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2019 John Willinsky
 * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
 *
 * @class RoleDAO
 * @ingroup security
 *
 * @brief Operations for retrieving and modifying Role objects.
 */

import('lib.pkp.classes.security.Role');
import('lib.pkp.classes.security.UserGroupAssignment');

class RoleDAO extends DAO {
	/** @var The User DAO to return User objects when necessary **/
	var $userDao;

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 */
	function __construct() {
		parent::__construct();
		$this->userDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('UserDAO');
	}

	/**
	 * Create new data object
	 * @return Role
	 */
	function newDataObject() {
		return new Role();
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a list of users in a specified role.
	 * @param $roleId int optional (can leave as null to get all users in context)
	 * @param $contextId int optional, include users only in this context
	 * @param $searchType int optional, which field to search
	 * @param $search string optional, string to match
	 * @param $searchMatch string optional, type of match ('is' vs. 'contains' vs. 'startsWith')
	 * @param $dbResultRange object DBRangeInfo object describing range of results to return
	 * @return array matching Users
	 */
	function getUsersByRoleId($roleId = null, $contextId = null, $searchType = null, $search = null, $searchMatch = null, $dbResultRange = null) {
		$paramArray = array(ASSOC_TYPE_USER, 'interest', IDENTITY_SETTING_GIVENNAME, IDENTITY_SETTING_FAMILYNAME);
		$paramArray = array_merge($paramArray, $this->userDao->getFetchParameters());
		if (isset($roleId)) $paramArray[] = (int) $roleId;
		if (isset($contextId)) $paramArray[] = (int) $contextId;
		// For security / resource usage reasons, a role or context ID
		// must be specified. Don't allow calls supplying neither.
		if ($contextId === null && $roleId === null) return null;

		$searchSql = '';

		$searchTypeMap = array(
			IDENTITY_SETTING_GIVENNAME => 'usgs.setting_value',
			IDENTITY_SETTING_FAMILYNAME => 'usfs.setting_value',
			USER_FIELD_USERNAME => 'u.username',
			USER_FIELD_EMAIL => 'u.email',
			USER_FIELD_INTERESTS => 'cves.setting_value'
		);

		if (!empty($search) && isset($searchTypeMap[$searchType])) {
			$fieldName = $searchTypeMap[$searchType];
			switch ($searchMatch) {
				case 'is':
					$searchSql = "AND LOWER($fieldName) = LOWER(?)";
					$paramArray[] = $search;
					break;
				case 'contains':
					$searchSql = "AND LOWER($fieldName) LIKE LOWER(?)";
					$paramArray[] = '%' . $search . '%';
					break;
				case 'startsWith':
					$searchSql = "AND LOWER($fieldName) LIKE LOWER(?)";
					$paramArray[] = $search . '%';
					break;
			}
		} elseif (!empty($search)) switch ($searchType) {
			case USER_FIELD_USERID:
				$searchSql = 'AND u.user_id=?';
				$paramArray[] = $search;
				break;
		}

		$searchSql .= ' ' . $this->userDao->getOrderBy(); // FIXME Add "sort field" parameter?

		$result = $this->retrieveRange(
			'SELECT DISTINCT u.*,
			' . $this->userDao->getFetchColumns() . '
			FROM users AS u
			LEFT JOIN user_user_groups uug ON (uug.user_id = u.user_id)
			LEFT JOIN user_groups ug ON (ug.user_group_id = uug.user_group_id)
			LEFT JOIN controlled_vocabs cv ON (cv.assoc_type = ? AND cv.assoc_id = u.user_id AND cv.symbolic = ?)
			LEFT JOIN user_settings usgs ON (usgs.user_id = u.user_id AND usgs.setting_name = ?)
			LEFT JOIN user_settings usfs ON (usfs.user_id = u.user_id AND usfs.setting_name = ?)
			LEFT JOIN controlled_vocab_entries cve ON (cve.controlled_vocab_id = cv.controlled_vocab_id)
			LEFT JOIN controlled_vocab_entry_settings cves ON (cves.controlled_vocab_entry_id = cve.controlled_vocab_entry_id)
			' . $this->userDao->getFetchJoins() . '
			WHERE 1=1' . (isset($roleId) ? ' AND ug.role_id = ?' : '') . (isset($contextId) ? ' AND ug.context_id = ?' : '') . ' ' . $searchSql,
			$paramArray,
			$dbResultRange
		);

		return new DAOResultFactory($result, $this->userDao, '_returnUserFromRowWithData');
	}

	/**
	 * Validation check to see if a user belongs to any group that has a given role
	 * @param $contextId int
	 * @param $userId int
	 * @param $roleId int|array ROLE_ID_...
	 * @return bool True iff at least one such role exists
	 */
	function userHasRole($contextId, $userId, $roleId) {
		$roleId = is_array($roleId) ? join(',', array_map('intval', $roleId)) : (int) $roleId;
		$result = $this->retrieve(
			'SELECT count(*) FROM user_groups ug JOIN user_user_groups uug ON ug.user_group_id = uug.user_group_id
			WHERE ug.context_id = ? AND uug.user_id = ? AND ug.role_id IN (' . $roleId . ')',
			array((int) $contextId, (int) $userId)
		);

		// > 0 because user could belong to more than one user group with this role
		$returner = isset($result->fields[0]) && $result->fields[0] > 0 ? true : false;

		$result->Close();
		return $returner;
	}

	/**
	 * Return an array of row objects corresponding to the roles a given use has
	 * @param $userId
	 * @param $contextId
	 * @return array of Roles
	 */
	function getByUserId($userId, $contextId = null) {
		$params = array((int) $userId);
		if ($contextId !== null) $params[] = (int) $contextId;
		$result = $this->retrieve(
			'SELECT	DISTINCT ug.role_id
			FROM	user_groups ug
				JOIN user_user_groups uug ON ug.user_group_id = uug.user_group_id
			WHERE	uug.user_id = ?' . ($contextId !== null ? ' AND ug.context_id = ?' : ''),
			$params
		);

		$roles = array();
		while ( !$result->EOF ) {
			$role = $this->newDataObject();
			$role->setRoleId($result->fields[0]);
			$roles[] = $role;
			$result->MoveNext();
		}
		$result->Close();
		return $roles;
	}

	/**
	 * Return an array of objects corresponding to the roles a given user has,
	 * grouped by context id.
	 * @param $userId int
	 * @return array
	 */
	function getByUserIdGroupedByContext($userId) {
		$userGroupDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('UserGroupDAO');
		$roleDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('RoleDAO');
		$userGroupsFactory = $userGroupDao->getByUserId($userId);

		$roles = array();
		while ($userGroup = $userGroupsFactory->next()) {
			$role = $roleDao->newDataObject();
			$role->setRoleId($userGroup->getRoleId());
			$roles[$userGroup->getContextId()][$userGroup->getRoleId()] = $role;
		}

		return $roles;
	}

	/**
	 * Get role forbidden stages.
	 * @param $roleId int Specific role ID to fetch stages for, if any
	 * @return array With $roleId, array(WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_...); without,
	 *  array(ROLE_ID_... => array(WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_...))
	 */
	function getForbiddenStages($roleId = null) {
		$forbiddenStages = array(
			ROLE_ID_MANAGER => array(
				// Journal managers should always have all stage selections locked by default.
				WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_SUBMISSION, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_INTERNAL_REVIEW, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_EXTERNAL_REVIEW, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_EDITING, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_PRODUCTION,
			),
			ROLE_ID_REVIEWER => array(
				// Reviewer user groups should only have review stage assignments.
				WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_SUBMISSION, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_EDITING, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_PRODUCTION,
			),
			ROLE_ID_READER => array(
				// Reader user groups should have no stage assignments.
				WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_SUBMISSION, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_INTERNAL_REVIEW, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_EXTERNAL_REVIEW, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_EDITING, WORKFLOW_STAGE_ID_PRODUCTION,
			),
		);

		if ($roleId) {
			if (isset($forbiddenStages[$roleId])) {
				return $forbiddenStages[$roleId];
			} else {
				return array();
			}
		} else {
			return $forbiddenStages;
		}
	}

	/**
	 *  All stages are always active for these permission levels.
	 * @return array array(ROLE_ID_MANAGER...);
	 */
	function getAlwaysActiveStages() {
		$alwaysActiveStages = array(ROLE_ID_MANAGER);
		return $alwaysActiveStages;
	}
}

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