Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @defgroup file_wrapper File Wrappers
*/
/**
* @file classes/file/FileWrapper.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class FileWrapper
* @ingroup file
*
* @brief Class abstracting operations for reading remote files using various protocols.
* (for when allow_url_fopen is disabled).
*
* TODO:
* - Other protocols?
* - Write mode (where possible)
*/
class FileWrapper {
/** @var string URL to the file */
var $url;
/** @var array parsed URL info */
var $info;
/** @var resource The file descriptor */
var $fp = null;
/**
* Constructor.
* @param $url string
* @param $info array
*/
function __construct($url, $info) {
$this->url = $url;
$this->info = $info;
}
/**
* Read and return the contents of the file (like file_get_contents()).
* @return string
*/
function contents() {
$contents = '';
if ($retval = $this->open()) {
if (is_object($retval)) { // It may be a redirect
return $retval->contents();
}
while (!$this->eof())
$contents .= $this->read();
$this->close();
}
return $contents;
}
/**
* Open the file.
* @param $mode string only 'r' (read-only) is currently supported
* @return boolean
*/
function open($mode = 'r') {
$this->fp = null;
$this->fp = fopen($this->url, $mode);
return ($this->fp !== false);
}
/**
* Close the file.
*/
function close() {
fclose($this->fp);
unset($this->fp);
}
/**
* Save the file to the specified filename.
* @return int|false Number of bytes saved on success, or false on failure
*/
function save($filename) {
$targetFp = fopen($filename, 'w');
if (!$targetFp) return false;
$returner = stream_copy_to_stream($this->fp, $targetFp);
fclose($targetFp);
return $returner;
}
/**
* Read from the file.
* @param $len int
* @return string
*/
function read($len = 8192) {
return fread($this->fp, $len);
}
/**
* Check for end-of-file.
* @return boolean
*/
function eof() {
return feof($this->fp);
}
//
// Static
//
/**
* Return instance of a class for reading the specified URL.
* @param $source mixed; URL, filename, or resources
* @return FileWrapper
*/
static function wrapper($source) {
if (ini_get('allow_url_fopen') && Config::getVar('general', 'allow_url_fopen') && is_string($source)) {
$info = parse_url($source);
$wrapper = new FileWrapper($source, $info);
} elseif (is_resource($source)) {
// $source is an already-opened file descriptor.
import('lib.pkp.classes.file.wrappers.ResourceWrapper');
$wrapper = new ResourceWrapper($source);
} else {
// $source should be a URL.
$info = parse_url($source);
if (isset($info['scheme'])) {
$scheme = $info['scheme'];
} else {
$scheme = null;
}
$application = Application::getApplication();
$request = $application->getRequest();
$router = $request->getRouter();
if (!Config::getVar('general', 'installed') || defined('RUNNING_UPGRADE') || !$router) {
$userAgent = $application->getName() . '/?';
} else {
$currentVersion =& $application->getCurrentVersion();
$userAgent = $application->getName() . '/' . $currentVersion->getVersionString();
}
switch ($scheme) {
case 'http':
import('lib.pkp.classes.file.wrappers.HTTPFileWrapper');
$wrapper = new HTTPFileWrapper($source, $info);
$wrapper->addHeader('User-Agent', $userAgent);
break;
case 'https':
import('lib.pkp.classes.file.wrappers.HTTPSFileWrapper');
$wrapper = new HTTPSFileWrapper($source, $info);
$wrapper->addHeader('User-Agent', $userAgent);
break;
case 'ftp':
import('lib.pkp.classes.file.wrappers.FTPFileWrapper');
$wrapper = new FTPFileWrapper($source, $info);
break;
default:
$wrapper = new FileWrapper($source, $info);
}
}
return $wrapper;
}
}
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