Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @defgroup file File
* Implements file management tools, including a database-backed list of files
* associated with submissions.
*/
/**
* @file classes/file/FileManager.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
* ePUB mime type added Leah M Root (rootl) SUNY Geneseo
* @class FileManager
* @ingroup file
*
* @brief Class defining basic operations for file management.
*/
define('FILE_MODE_MASK', 0666);
define('DIRECTORY_MODE_MASK', 0777);
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_DEFAULT', 'default');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_EXCEL', 'excel');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_HTML', 'html');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_IMAGE', 'image');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_PDF', 'pdf');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_WORD', 'word');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_EPUB', 'epub');
define('DOCUMENT_TYPE_ZIP', 'zip');
class FileManager {
/**
* Constructor
*/
function __construct() {
}
/**
* Return true if an uploaded file exists.
* @param $fileName string the name of the file used in the POST form
* @return boolean
*/
function uploadedFileExists($fileName) {
if (isset($_FILES[$fileName]) && isset($_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name'])
&& is_uploaded_file($_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name'])) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Return true iff an error occurred when trying to upload a file.
* @param $fileName string the name of the file used in the POST form
* @return boolean
*/
function uploadError($fileName) {
return (isset($_FILES[$fileName]) && $_FILES[$fileName]['error'] != 0);
}
/**
* Return the (temporary) path to an uploaded file.
* @param $fileName string the name of the file used in the POST form
* @return string (boolean false if no such file)
*/
function getUploadedFilePath($fileName) {
if (isset($_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name']) && is_uploaded_file($_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name'])) {
return $_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name'];
}
return false;
}
/**
* Return the user-specific (not temporary) filename of an uploaded file.
* @param $fileName string the name of the file used in the POST form
* @return string (boolean false if no such file)
*/
function getUploadedFileName($fileName) {
if (isset($_FILES[$fileName]['name'])) {
return $_FILES[$fileName]['name'];
}
return false;
}
/**
* Return the type of an uploaded file.
* @param $fileName string the name of the file used in the POST form
* @return string
*/
function getUploadedFileType($fileName) {
if (isset($_FILES[$fileName])) {
// The result of "explode" can't be passed directly to "array_pop" in PHP 7.
$exploded = explode('.',$_FILES[$fileName]['name']);
$type = PKPString::mime_content_type(
$_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name'], // Location on server
array_pop($exploded) // Extension on client machine
);
if (!empty($type)) return $type;
return $_FILES[$fileName]['type'];
}
return false;
}
/**
* Upload a file.
* @param $fileName string the name of the file used in the POST form
* @param $dest string the path where the file is to be saved
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function uploadFile($fileName, $destFileName) {
$destDir = dirname($destFileName);
if (!$this->fileExists($destDir, 'dir')) {
// Try to create the destination directory
$this->mkdirtree($destDir);
}
if (!isset($_FILES[$fileName])) return false;
if (move_uploaded_file($_FILES[$fileName]['tmp_name'], $destFileName))
return $this->setMode($destFileName, FILE_MODE_MASK);
return false;
}
/**
* Write a file.
* @param $dest string the path where the file is to be saved
* @param $contents string the contents to write to the file
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function writeFile($dest, &$contents) {
$success = true;
$destDir = dirname($dest);
if (!$this->fileExists($destDir, 'dir')) {
// Try to create the destination directory
$this->mkdirtree($destDir);
}
if (($f = fopen($dest, 'wb'))===false) $success = false;
if ($success && fwrite($f, $contents)===false) $success = false;
@fclose($f);
if ($success)
return $this->setMode($dest, FILE_MODE_MASK);
return false;
}
/**
* Copy a file.
* @param $source string the source URL for the file
* @param $dest string the path where the file is to be saved
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function copyFile($source, $dest) {
$success = true;
$destDir = dirname($dest);
if (!$this->fileExists($destDir, 'dir')) {
// Try to create the destination directory
$this->mkdirtree($destDir);
}
if (copy($source, $dest))
return $this->setMode($dest, FILE_MODE_MASK);
return false;
}
/**
* Copy a directory.
* Adapted from code by gimmicklessgpt at gmail dot com, at http://php.net/manual/en/function.copy.php
* @param $source string the path to the source directory
* @param $dest string the path where the directory is to be saved
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function copyDir($source, $dest) {
if (is_dir($source)) {
$this->mkdir($dest);
$destDir = dir($source);
while (($entry = $destDir->read()) !== false) {
if ($entry == '.' || $entry == '..') {
continue;
}
$Entry = $source . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $entry;
if (is_dir($Entry) ) {
$this->copyDir($Entry, $dest . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $entry );
continue;
}
$this->copyFile($Entry, $dest . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $entry );
}
$destDir->close();
} else {
$this->copyFile($source, $dest);
}
if ($this->fileExists($dest, 'dir')) {
return true;
} else return false;
}
/**
* Read a file's contents.
* @param $filePath string the location of the file to be read
* @param $output boolean output the file's contents instead of returning a string
* @return string|boolean
*/
function readFileFromPath($filePath, $output = false) {
if (is_readable($filePath)) {
$f = fopen($filePath, 'rb');
if (!$f) return false;
$data = '';
while (!feof($f)) {
$data .= fread($f, 4096);
if ($output) {
echo $data;
$data = '';
}
}
fclose($f);
if ($output) return true;
return $data;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Download a file.
* Outputs HTTP headers and file content for download
* @param $filePath string the location of the file to be sent
* @param $mediaType string the MIME type of the file, optional
* @param $inline boolean print file as inline instead of attachment, optional
* @param $fileName string Optional filename to use on the client side
* @return boolean
*/
function downloadByPath($filePath, $mediaType = null, $inline = false, $fileName = null) {
$result = null;
if (HookRegistry::call('FileManager::downloadFile', array(&$filePath, &$mediaType, &$inline, &$result, &$fileName))) return $result;
if (is_readable($filePath)) {
if ($mediaType === null) {
// If the media type wasn't specified, try to detect.
$mediaType = PKPString::mime_content_type($filePath);
if (empty($mediaType)) $mediaType = 'application/octet-stream';
}
if ($fileName === null) {
// If the filename wasn't specified, use the server-side.
$fileName = basename($filePath);
}
// Stream the file to the end user.
header("Content-Type: $mediaType");
header('Content-Length: ' . filesize($filePath));
header('Accept-Ranges: none');
header('Content-Disposition: ' . ($inline ? 'inline' : 'attachment') . "; filename=\"$fileName\"");
header('Cache-Control: private'); // Workarounds for IE weirdness
header('Pragma: public');
$this->readFileFromPath($filePath, true);
$returner = true;
} else {
$returner = false;
}
HookRegistry::call('FileManager::downloadFileFinished', array(&$returner));
return $returner;
}
/**
* Delete a file.
* @param $filePath string the location of the file to be deleted
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function deleteByPath($filePath) {
if ($this->fileExists($filePath)) {
$result = null;
if (HookRegistry::call('FileManager::deleteFile', array($filePath, &$result))) return $result;
return unlink($filePath);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Create a new directory.
* @param $dirPath string the full path of the directory to be created
* @param $perms string the permissions level of the directory (optional)
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function mkdir($dirPath, $perms = null) {
if ($perms !== null) {
return mkdir($dirPath, $perms);
} else {
if (mkdir($dirPath))
return $this->setMode($dirPath, DIRECTORY_MODE_MASK);
return false;
}
}
/**
* Remove a directory.
* @param $dirPath string the full path of the directory to be delete
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function rmdir($dirPath) {
return rmdir($dirPath);
}
/**
* Delete all contents including directory (equivalent to "rm -r")
* @param $file string the full path of the directory to be removed
*/
function rmtree($file) {
if (file_exists($file)) {
if (is_dir($file)) {
$handle = opendir($file);
while (($filename = readdir($handle)) !== false) {
if ($filename != '.' && $filename != '..') {
$this->rmtree($file . '/' . $filename);
}
}
closedir($handle);
rmdir($file);
} else {
unlink($file);
}
}
}
/**
* Create a new directory, including all intermediate directories if required (equivalent to "mkdir -p")
* @param $dirPath string the full path of the directory to be created
* @param $perms string the permissions level of the directory (optional)
* @return boolean returns true if successful
*/
function mkdirtree($dirPath, $perms = null) {
if (!file_exists($dirPath)) {
//Avoid infinite recursion when file_exists reports false for root directory
if ($dirPath == dirname($dirPath)) {
fatalError('There are no readable files in this directory tree. Are safe mode or open_basedir active?');
return false;
} else if ($this->mkdirtree(dirname($dirPath), $perms)) {
return $this->mkdir($dirPath, $perms);
} else {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
/**
* Check if a file path is valid;
* @param $filePath string the file/directory to check
* @param $type string (file|dir) the type of path
*/
function fileExists($filePath, $type = 'file') {
switch ($type) {
case 'file':
return file_exists($filePath);
case 'dir':
return file_exists($filePath) && is_dir($filePath);
default:
return false;
}
}
/**
* Returns a file type, based on generic categories defined above
* @param $type String
* @return string (Enuemrated DOCUMENT_TYPEs)
*/
function getDocumentType($type) {
if ($this->getImageExtension($type))
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_IMAGE;
switch ($type) {
case 'application/pdf':
case 'application/x-pdf':
case 'text/pdf':
case 'text/x-pdf':
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_PDF;
case 'application/msword':
case 'application/word':
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_WORD;
case 'application/excel':
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_EXCEL;
case 'text/html':
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_HTML;
case 'application/zip':
case 'application/x-zip':
case 'application/x-zip-compressed':
case 'application/x-compress':
case 'application/x-compressed':
case 'multipart/x-zip':
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_ZIP;
case 'application/epub':
case 'application/epub+zip':
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_EPUB;
default:
return DOCUMENT_TYPE_DEFAULT;
}
}
/**
* Returns file extension associated with the given document type,
* or false if the type does not belong to a recognized document type.
* @param $type string
*/
function getDocumentExtension($type) {
switch ($type) {
case 'application/pdf':
return '.pdf';
case 'application/word':
return '.doc';
case 'text/html':
return '.html';
case 'application/epub+zip':
return '.epub';
default:
return false;
}
}
/**
* Returns file extension associated with the given image type,
* or false if the type does not belong to a recognized image type.
* @param $type string
*/
function getImageExtension($type) {
switch ($type) {
case 'image/gif':
return '.gif';
case 'image/jpeg':
case 'image/pjpeg':
return '.jpg';
case 'image/png':
case 'image/x-png':
return '.png';
case 'image/vnd.microsoft.icon':
case 'image/x-icon':
case 'image/x-ico':
case 'image/ico':
return '.ico';
case 'image/svg+xml':
case 'image/svg':
return '.svg';
case 'application/x-shockwave-flash':
return '.swf';
case 'video/x-flv':
case 'application/x-flash-video':
case 'flv-application/octet-stream':
return '.flv';
case 'audio/mpeg':
return '.mp3';
case 'audio/x-aiff':
return '.aiff';
case 'audio/x-wav':
return '.wav';
case 'video/mpeg':
return '.mpg';
case 'video/quicktime':
return '.mov';
case 'video/mp4':
return '.mp4';
case 'text/javascript':
return '.js';
default:
return false;
}
}
/**
* Parse file extension from file name.
* @param string a valid file name
* @return string extension
*/
function getExtension($fileName) {
$extension = '';
$fileParts = explode('.', $fileName);
if (is_array($fileParts)) {
$extension = $fileParts[count($fileParts) - 1];
}
return $extension;
}
/**
* Truncate a filename to fit in the specified length.
*/
function truncateFileName($fileName, $length = 127) {
if (PKPString::strlen($fileName) <= $length) return $fileName;
$ext = $this->getExtension($fileName);
$truncated = PKPString::substr($fileName, 0, $length - 1 - PKPString::strlen($ext)) . '.' . $ext;
return PKPString::substr($truncated, 0, $length);
}
/**
* Return pretty file size string (in B, KB, MB, or GB units).
* @param $size int file size in bytes
* @return string
*/
function getNiceFileSize($size) {
$niceFileSizeUnits = array('B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB');
for($i = 0; $i < 4 && $size > 1024; $i++) {
$size >>= 10;
}
return $size . $niceFileSizeUnits[$i];
}
/**
* Set file/directory mode based on the 'umask' config setting.
* @param $path string
* @param $mask int
* @return boolean
*/
function setMode($path, $mask) {
$umask = Config::getVar('files', 'umask');
if (!$umask)
return true;
return chmod($path, $mask & ~$umask);
}
/**
* Parse the file extension from a filename/path.
* @param $fileName string
* @return string
*/
function parseFileExtension($fileName) {
$fileParts = explode('.', $fileName);
if (is_array($fileParts)) {
$fileExtension = $fileParts[count($fileParts) - 1];
}
// FIXME Check for evil
if (!isset($fileExtension) || stristr($fileExtension, 'php') || strlen($fileExtension) > 6 || !preg_match('/^\w+$/', $fileExtension)) {
$fileExtension = 'txt';
}
// consider .tar.gz extension
if (strtolower(substr($fileName, -7)) == '.tar.gz') {
$fileExtension = substr($fileName, -6);
}
return $fileExtension;
}
/**
* Decompress passed gziped file.
* @param $filePath string
* @param $errorMsg string
* @return boolean|string
*/
function decompressFile($filePath, &$errorMsg) {
return $this->_executeGzip($filePath, true, $errorMsg);
}
/**
* Compress passed file.
* @param $filePath string The file to be compressed.
* @param $errorMsg string
* @return boolean|string
*/
function compressFile($filePath, &$errorMsg) {
return $this->_executeGzip($filePath, false, $errorMsg);
}
//
// Private helper methods.
//
/**
* Execute gzip to compress or extract files.
* @param $filePath string file to be compressed or uncompressed.
* @param $decompress boolean optional Set true if the passed file
* needs to be decompressed.
* @param $errorMsg string
* @return false|string The file path that was created with the operation
* or false in case of fail.
*/
private function _executeGzip($filePath, $decompress = false, &$errorMsg) {
PKPLocale::requireComponents(LOCALE_COMPONENT_PKP_ADMIN);
$gzipPath = Config::getVar('cli', 'gzip');
if (!is_executable($gzipPath)) {
$errorMsg = __('admin.error.executingUtil', array('utilPath' => $gzipPath, 'utilVar' => 'gzip'));
return false;
}
$gzipCmd = escapeshellarg($gzipPath);
if ($decompress) $gzipCmd .= ' -d';
// Make sure any output message will mention the file path.
$output = array($filePath);
$returnValue = 0;
$gzipCmd .= ' ' . $filePath;
if (!Core::isWindows()) {
// Get the output, redirecting stderr to stdout.
$gzipCmd .= ' 2>&1';
}
exec($gzipCmd, $output, $returnValue);
if ($returnValue > 0) {
$errorMsg = __('admin.error.utilExecutionProblem', array('utilPath' => $gzipPath, 'output' => implode(PHP_EOL, $output)));
return false;
}
if ($decompress) {
return substr($filePath, 0, -3);
} else {
return $filePath . '.gz';
}
}
}
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