Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file classes/core/PKPString.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class PKPString
* @ingroup core
*
* @brief String manipulation wrapper class.
*
*/
/*
* Perl-compatibile regular expression (PCRE) constants:
* These are defined application-wide for consistency
*/
/*
* RFC-2396 URIs
*
* Thanks to the PEAR Validation package (Tomas V.V.Cox <cox@idecnet.com>,
* Pierre-Alain Joye <pajoye@php.net>, Amir Mohammad Saied <amir@php.net>)
*
* Originally published under the "New BSD License"
* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
*/
define('PCRE_URI', '(?:([a-z][-+.a-z0-9]*):)?' . // Scheme
'(?://' .
'(?:((?:%[0-9a-f]{2}|[-a-z0-9_.!~*\'();:\&=+$,])*)@)?' . // User
'(?:((?:[a-z0-9](?:[-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9])?\.)*[a-z](?:[a-z0-9]+)?\.?)' . // Hostname
'|([0-9]{1,3}(?:\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}))' . // IP Address
'(?::([0-9]*))?)' . // Port
'((?:/(?:%[0-9a-f]{2}|[-a-z0-9_.!~*\'():@\&=+$,;])*)*/?)?' . // Path
'(?:\?([^#]*))?' . // Query String
'(?:\#((?:%[0-9a-f]{2}|[-a-z0-9_.!~*\'();/?:@\&=+$,])*))?'); // Fragment
// RFC-2822 email addresses
define('PCRE_EMAIL_ADDRESS',
'[-a-z0-9!#\$%&\'\*\+\/=\?\^_\`\{\|\}~]' . '+' . // One or more atom characters.
'(\.' . '[-a-z0-9!#\$%&\'\*\+\/=\?\^_\`\{\|\}~]' . '+)*'. // Followed by zero or more dot separated sets of one or more atom characters.
'@'. // Followed by an "at" character.
'(' . '([a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9]+)?)' . '{1,63}\.)+'. // Followed by one or max 63 domain characters (dot separated).
'([a-z0-9]([-a-z0-9]*[a-z0-9]+)?)' . '{2,63}' // Must be followed by one set consisting a period of two or max 63 domain characters.
);
// Two different types of camel case: one for class names and one for method names
define ('CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_UP', 0x01);
define ('CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_DOWN', 0x02);
class PKPString {
/**
* Perform initialization required for the string wrapper library.
* @return null
*/
static function init() {
$clientCharset = strtolower_codesafe(Config::getVar('i18n', 'client_charset'));
// Check if mbstring is installed
if (self::hasMBString()) {
// mbstring routines are available
define('ENABLE_MBSTRING', true);
// Set up required ini settings for mbstring
// FIXME Do any other mbstring settings need to be set?
mb_internal_encoding($clientCharset);
mb_substitute_character('63'); // question mark
}
// Define modifier to be used in regexp_* routines
// FIXME Should non-UTF-8 encodings be supported with mbstring?
if ($clientCharset == 'utf-8' && self::hasPCREUTF8()) {
define('PCRE_UTF8', 'u');
} else {
define('PCRE_UTF8', '');
}
}
/**
* Check if server has the mbstring library.
* @return boolean Returns true iff the server supports mbstring functions.
*/
static function hasMBString() {
static $hasMBString;
if (isset($hasMBString)) return $hasMBString;
// If string overloading is active, it will break many of the
// native implementations. mbstring.func_overload must be set
// to 0, 1 or 4 in php.ini (string overloading disabled).
if (ini_get('mbstring.func_overload') && defined('MB_OVERLOAD_STRING')) {
$hasMBString = false;
} else {
$hasMBString = (
extension_loaded('mbstring') &&
function_exists('mb_strlen') &&
function_exists('mb_strpos') &&
function_exists('mb_strrpos') &&
function_exists('mb_substr') &&
function_exists('mb_strtolower') &&
function_exists('mb_strtoupper') &&
function_exists('mb_substr_count') &&
function_exists('mb_send_mail')
);
}
return $hasMBString;
}
/**
* Check if server supports the PCRE_UTF8 modifier.
* @return boolean True iff the server supports the PCRE_UTF8 modifier.
*/
static function hasPCREUTF8() {
// The PCRE_UTF8 modifier is only supported on PHP >= 4.1.0 (*nix) or PHP >= 4.2.3 (win32)
// Evil check to see if PCRE_UTF8 is supported
if (@preg_match('//u', '')) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
//
// Wrappers for basic string manipulation routines.
//
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.strlen.php
* @param $string string Input string
* @return int String length
*/
static function strlen($string) {
return Stringy\Stringy::create($string)->length();
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.strpos.php
* @param $haystack string Input haystack to search
* @param $needle string Input needle to search for
* @param $offset int Offset at which to begin searching
* @return int Position of needle within haystack
*/
static function strpos($haystack, $needle, $offset = 0) {
return Stringy\Stringy::create($haystack)->indexOf($needle, $offset);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.strrpos.php
* @param $haystack string Haystack to search
* @param $needle string Needle to search haystack for
* @return int Last index of Needle in Haystack
*/
static function strrpos($haystack, $needle) {
return Stringy\Stringy::create($haystack)->indexOfLast($needle);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.substr.php
* @param $string string Subject to extract substring from
* @param $start int Position to start from
* @param $length int Length to extract, or false for entire string from start position
* @return string Substring of $string
*/
static function substr($string, $start, $length = null) {
return (string) Stringy\Stringy::create($string)->substr($start, $length);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.strtolower.php
* @param $string string Input string
* @return string Lower case version of input string
*/
static function strtolower($string) {
return (string) Stringy\Stringy::create($string)->toLowerCase();
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.strtoupper.php
* @param $string string Input string
* @return string Upper case version of input string
*/
static function strtoupper($string) {
return (string) Stringy\Stringy::create($string)->toUpperCase();
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.ucfirst.php
* @param $string string Input string
* @return string ucfirst version of input string
*/
static function ucfirst($string) {
return (string) Stringy\Stringy::create($string)->upperCaseFirst();
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.substr_count.php
* @param $haystack string Input string to search
* @param $needle string String to search within $haystack for
* @return int Count of number of times $needle appeared in $haystack
*/
static function substr_count($haystack, $needle) {
return Stringy\Stringy::create($haystack)->countSubstring($needle);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.encode_mime_header.php
* @param $string string Input MIME header to encode.
* @return string Encoded MIME header.
*/
static function encode_mime_header($string) {
if (defined('ENABLE_MBSTRING')) {
return mb_encode_mimeheader($string, mb_internal_encoding(), 'B', MAIL_EOL);
} else {
return $string;
}
}
//
// Wrappers for PCRE-compatible regular expression routines.
// See the php.net documentation for usage.
//
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_quote.php
* @param $string string String to quote
* @param $delimiter string Delimiter for regular expression
* @return string Quoted equivalent of $string
*/
static function regexp_quote($string, $delimiter = '/') {
return preg_quote($string, $delimiter);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_grep.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $input string Input string
* @return array
*/
static function regexp_grep($pattern, $input) {
return preg_grep($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $input);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_match.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $subject string String to apply regular expression to
* @return int
*/
static function regexp_match($pattern, $subject) {
return preg_match($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $subject);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_match_get.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $subject string String to apply regular expression to
* @param $matches array Reference to receive matches
* @return int|boolean Returns 1 if the pattern matches given subject, 0 if it does not, or FALSE if an error occurred.
*/
static function regexp_match_get($pattern, $subject, &$matches) {
return preg_match($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $subject, $matches);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_match_all.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $subject string String to apply regular expression to
* @param $matches array Reference to receive matches
* @return int|boolean Returns number of full matches of given subject, or FALSE if an error occurred.
*/
static function regexp_match_all($pattern, $subject, &$matches) {
return preg_match_all($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $subject, $matches);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_replace.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $replacement string String to replace matches in $subject with
* @param $subject string String to apply regular expression to
* @param $limit int Number of replacements to perform, maximum, or -1 for no limit.
* @return mixed
*/
static function regexp_replace($pattern, $replacement, $subject, $limit = -1) {
return preg_replace($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $replacement, $subject, $limit);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_replace_callback.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $callback callback PHP callback to generate content to replace matches with
* @param $subject string String to apply regular expression to
* @param $limit int Number of replacements to perform, maximum, or -1 for no limit.
* @return mixed
*/
static function regexp_replace_callback($pattern, $callback, $subject, $limit = -1) {
return preg_replace_callback($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $callback, $subject, $limit);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.regexp_split.php
* @param $pattern string Regular expression
* @param $subject string String to apply regular expression to
* @param $limit int Number of times to match; -1 for unlimited
* @return array Resulting string segments
*/
static function regexp_split($pattern, $subject, $limit = -1) {
return preg_split($pattern . PCRE_UTF8, $subject, $limit);
}
/**
* @see http://ca.php.net/manual/en/function.mime_content_type.php
* @param $filename string Filename to test.
* @param $suggestedExtension string Suggested file extension (used for common misconfigurations)
* @return string Detected MIME type
*/
static function mime_content_type($filename, $suggestedExtension = '') {
$result = null;
if (function_exists('finfo_open')) {
$fi =& Registry::get('fileInfo', true, null);
if ($fi === null) {
$fi = finfo_open(FILEINFO_MIME, Config::getVar('finfo', 'mime_database_path'));
}
if ($fi !== false) {
$result = strtok(finfo_file($fi, $filename), ' ;');
}
}
if (!$result && function_exists('mime_content_type')) {
$result = mime_content_type($filename);
// mime_content_type appears to return a charset
// (erroneously?) in recent versions of PHP5
if (($i = strpos($result, ';')) !== false) {
$result = trim(substr($result, 0, $i));
}
}
if (!$result) {
// Fall back on an external "file" tool
$f = escapeshellarg($filename);
$result = trim(`file --brief --mime $f`);
// Make sure we just return the mime type.
if (($i = strpos($result, ';')) !== false) {
$result = trim(substr($result, 0, $i));
}
}
// Check ambiguous mimetypes against extension
$exploded = explode('.',$filename);
$ext = array_pop($exploded);
if ($suggestedExtension) {
$ext = $suggestedExtension;
}
// SUGGESTED_EXTENSION:DETECTED_MIME_TYPE => OVERRIDE_MIME_TYPE
$ambiguities = array(
'html:text/xml' => 'text/html',
'css:text/x-c' => 'text/css',
'css:text/plain' => 'text/css',
'xlsx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet',
'xltx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.template',
'potx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template',
'ppsx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow',
'pptx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation',
'sldx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slide',
'docx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document',
'dotx:application/zip' => 'application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.template',
);
if (isset($ambiguities[strtolower($ext.':'.$result)])) {
$result = $ambiguities[strtolower($ext.':'.$result)];
}
return $result;
}
/**
* Strip unsafe HTML from the input text. Covers XSS attacks like scripts,
* onclick(...) attributes, javascript: urls, and special characters.
* @param $input string input string
* @return string
*/
static function stripUnsafeHtml($input) {
static $purifier;
if (!isset($purifier)) {
$config = HTMLPurifier_Config::createDefault();
$config->set('Core.Encoding', Config::getVar('i18n', 'client_charset'));
$config->set('HTML.Doctype', 'HTML 4.01 Transitional');
$config->set('HTML.Allowed', Config::getVar('security', 'allowed_html'));
$config->set('Cache.SerializerPath', 'cache');
$purifier = new HTMLPurifier($config);
}
return $purifier->purify($input);
}
/**
* Convert limited HTML into a string.
* @param $html string
* @return string
*/
static function html2text($html) {
$html = self::regexp_replace('/<[\/]?p>/', "\n", $html);
$html = self::regexp_replace('/<li>/', '• ', $html);
$html = self::regexp_replace('/<\/li>/', "\n", $html);
$html = self::regexp_replace('/<br[ ]?[\/]?>/', "\n", $html);
$html = html_entity_decode(strip_tags($html), ENT_COMPAT, 'UTF-8');
return $html;
}
/**
* Joins two title string fragments (in $fields) either with a
* space or a colon.
* @param $fields array
* @return string the joined string
*/
static function concatTitleFields($fields) {
// Set the characters that will avoid the use of
// a semicolon between title and subtitle.
$avoidColonChars = array('?', '!', '/', '&');
// if the first field ends in a character in $avoidColonChars,
// concat with a space, otherwise use a colon.
// Check for any of these characters in
// the last position of current full title value.
if (in_array(substr($fields[0], -1, 1), $avoidColonChars)) {
$fullTitle = join(' ', $fields);
} else {
$fullTitle = join(': ', $fields);
}
return $fullTitle;
}
/**
* Transform "handler-class" to "HandlerClass"
* and "my-op" to "myOp".
* @param $string input string
* @param $type which kind of camel case?
* @return string the string in camel case
*/
static function camelize($string, $type = CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_UP) {
assert($type == CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_UP || $type == CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_DOWN);
// Transform "handler-class" to "HandlerClass" and "my-op" to "MyOp"
$string = str_replace(' ', '', ucwords(str_replace('-', ' ', $string)));
// Transform "MyOp" to "myOp"
if ($type == CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_DOWN) {
// lcfirst() is PHP>5.3, so use workaround
$string = strtolower(substr($string, 0, 1)).substr($string, 1);
}
return $string;
}
/**
* Transform "HandlerClass" to "handler-class"
* and "myOp" to "my-op".
* @param $string
* @return string
*/
static function uncamelize($string) {
assert(!empty($string));
// Transform "myOp" to "MyOp"
$string = ucfirst($string);
// Insert hyphens between words and return the string in lowercase
$words = array();
self::regexp_match_all('/[A-Z][a-z0-9]*/', $string, $words);
assert(isset($words[0]) && !empty($words[0]) && strlen(implode('', $words[0])) == strlen($string));
return strtolower(implode('-', $words[0]));
}
/**
* Get a letter $steps places after 'A'
* @param $steps int
* @return string Letter
*/
static function enumerateAlphabetically($steps) {
return chr(ord('A') + $steps);
}
/**
* Create a new UUID (version 4)
* @return string
*/
static function generateUUID() {
mt_srand((double)microtime()*10000);
$charid = strtoupper(md5(uniqid(rand(), true)));
$hyphen = '-';
$uuid = substr($charid, 0, 8).$hyphen
.substr($charid, 8, 4).$hyphen
.'4'.substr($charid,13, 3).$hyphen
.strtoupper(dechex(hexdec(ord(substr($charid,16,1))) % 4 + 8)).substr($charid,17, 3).$hyphen
.substr($charid,20,12);
return $uuid;
}
/**
* Matches each symbol of PHP strftime format string
* to jQuery Datepicker widget date format.
* @param $phpFormat string
* @return string
*/
static function dateformatPHP2JQueryDatepicker($phpFormat) {
$symbols = array(
// Day
'a' => 'D', // date() format 'D'
'A' => 'DD', // date() format 'DD'
'd' => 'dd', // date() format 'd'
'e' => 'd', // date() format 'j'
'j' => 'oo', // date() format none
'u' => '', // date() format 'N'
'w' => '', // date() format 'w'
// Week
'U' => '', // date() format none
'V' => '', // date() format none
'W' => '', // date() format 'W'
// Month
'b' => 'M', // date() format 'M'
'h' => 'M', // date() format 'M'
'B' => 'MM', // date() format 'F'
'm' => 'mm', // date() format 'm'
// Year
'C' => '', // date() format none
'g' => 'y', // date() format none
'G' => 'yy', // date() format 'o'
'y' => 'y', // date() format 'y'
'Y' => 'yy', // date() format 'Y'
// Time
'H' => '', // date() format 'H'
'k' => '', // date() format none
'I' => '', // date() format 'h'
'l' => '', // date() format 'g'
'P' => '', // date() format 'a'
'p' => '', // date() format 'A'
'M' => '', // date() format 'i'
'S' => '', // date() format 's'
's' => '', // date() format 'u'
// Timezone
'z' => '', // date() format 'O'
'Z' => '', // date() format 'T'
// Full Date/Time
'r' => '', // date() format none
'R' => '', // date() format none
'X' => '', // date() format none
'D' => '', // date() format none
'F' => '', // date() format none
'x' => '', // date() format none
'c' => '', // date() format none
// Other
'%' => ''
);
$datepickerFormat = "";
$escaping = false;
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($phpFormat); $i++) {
$char = $phpFormat[$i];
if($char === '\\') {
$i++;
$datepickerFormat .= $escaping ? $phpFormat[$i] : '\'' . $phpFormat[$i];
$escaping = true;
} else {
if($escaping) {
$datepickerFormat .= "'";
$escaping = false;
}
$datepickerFormat .= isset($symbols[$char]) ? $symbols[$char] : $char;
}
}
return $datepickerFormat;
}
}
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