Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file classes/core/PKPPageRouter.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class PKPPageRouter
* @ingroup core
*
* @brief Class mapping an HTTP request to a handler or context.
*/
define('ROUTER_DEFAULT_PAGE', './pages/index/index.php');
define('ROUTER_DEFAULT_OP', 'index');
import('lib.pkp.classes.core.PKPRouter');
class PKPPageRouter extends PKPRouter {
/** @var array pages that don't need an installed system to be displayed */
var $_installationPages = array('install', 'help', 'header', 'sidebar');
//
// Internal state cache variables
// NB: Please do not access directly but
// only via their respective getters/setters
//
/** @var string the requested page */
var $_page;
/** @var string the requested operation */
var $_op;
/** @var string index url */
var $_indexUrl;
/** @var string cache filename */
var $_cacheFilename;
/**
* get the installation pages
* @return array
*/
function getInstallationPages() {
return $this->_installationPages;
}
/**
* get the cacheable pages
* @return array
*/
function getCacheablePages() {
// Can be overridden by sub-classes.
return array();
}
/**
* Determine whether or not the request is cacheable.
* @param $request PKPRequest
* @param $testOnly boolean required for unit test to
* bypass session check.
* @return boolean
*/
function isCacheable($request, $testOnly = false) {
if (defined('SESSION_DISABLE_INIT') && !$testOnly) return false;
if (!Config::getVar('general', 'installed')) return false;
if (!empty($_POST) || Validation::isLoggedIn()) return false;
if ($request->isPathInfoEnabled()) {
if (!empty($_GET)) return false;
} else {
$application = $this->getApplication();
$ok = array_merge($application->getContextList(), array('page', 'op', 'path'));
if (!empty($_GET) && count(array_diff(array_keys($_GET), $ok)) != 0) {
return false;
}
}
if (in_array($this->getRequestedPage($request), $this->getCacheablePages())) return true;
return false;
}
/**
* Get the page requested in the URL.
* @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
* @return String the page path (under the "pages" directory)
*/
function getRequestedPage($request) {
if (!isset($this->_page)) {
$this->_page = $this->_getRequestedUrlParts(array('Core', 'getPage'), $request);
}
return $this->_page;
}
/**
* Get the operation requested in the URL (assumed to exist in the requested page handler).
* @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
* @return string
*/
function getRequestedOp($request) {
if (!isset($this->_op)) {
$this->_op = $this->_getRequestedUrlParts(array('Core', 'getOp'), $request);
}
return $this->_op;
}
/**
* Get the arguments requested in the URL.
* @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
* @return array
*/
function getRequestedArgs($request) {
return $this->_getRequestedUrlParts(array('Core', 'getArgs'), $request);
}
//
// Implement template methods from PKPRouter
//
/**
* @copydoc PKPRouter::getCacheFilename()
*/
function getCacheFilename($request) {
if (!isset($this->_cacheFilename)) {
if ($request->isPathInfoEnabled()) {
$id = isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'])?$_SERVER['PATH_INFO']:'index';
$id .= '-' . AppLocale::getLocale();
} else {
$id = '';
$application = $this->getApplication();
foreach($application->getContextList() as $contextName) {
$id .= $request->getUserVar($contextName) . '-';
}
$id .= $request->getUserVar('page') . '-' . $request->getUserVar('op') . '-' . $request->getUserVar('path') . '-' . AppLocale::getLocale();
}
$path = Core::getBaseDir();
$this->_cacheFilename = $path . '/cache/wc-' . md5($id) . '.html';
}
return $this->_cacheFilename;
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPRouter::route()
*/
function route($request) {
// Determine the requested page and operation
$page = $this->getRequestedPage($request);
$op = $this->getRequestedOp($request);
// If the application has not yet been installed we only
// allow installer pages to be displayed.
if (!Config::getVar('general', 'installed')) {
if (!in_array($page, $this->getInstallationPages())) {
// A non-installation page was called although
// the system is not yet installed. Redirect to
// the installation page.
$redirectMethod = array($request, 'redirect');
// The correct redirection for the installer page
// depends on the context depth of this application.
$application = $this->getApplication();
$contextDepth = $application->getContextDepth();
// The context will be filled with all nulls
$redirectArguments = array_pad(array('install'), - $contextDepth - 1, null);
// Call request's redirect method
call_user_func_array($redirectMethod, $redirectArguments);
}
}
// Redirect requests from logged-out users to a context which is not
// publicly enabled
if (!defined('SESSION_DISABLE_INIT')) {
$user = $request->getUser();
$currentContext = $request->getContext();
if ($currentContext && !$currentContext->getEnabled() && !is_a($user, 'User')) {
if ($page != 'login') $request->redirect(null, 'login');
}
}
// Determine the page index file. This file contains the
// logic to resolve a page to a specific handler class.
$sourceFile = sprintf('pages/%s/index.php', $page);
// If a hook has been registered to handle this page, give it the
// opportunity to load required resources and set HANDLER_CLASS.
if (!HookRegistry::call('LoadHandler', array(&$page, &$op, &$sourceFile))) {
if (file_exists($sourceFile)) require('./'.$sourceFile);
elseif (file_exists(PKP_LIB_PATH . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $sourceFile))
require('.' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . PKP_LIB_PATH . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $sourceFile);
elseif (empty($page)) require(ROUTER_DEFAULT_PAGE);
else {
$dispatcher = $this->getDispatcher();
$dispatcher->handle404();
}
}
if (!defined('SESSION_DISABLE_INIT')) {
// Initialize session
SessionManager::getManager();
}
// Call the selected handler's index operation if
// no operation was defined in the request.
if (empty($op)) $op = ROUTER_DEFAULT_OP;
// Redirect to 404 if the operation doesn't exist
// for the handler.
$methods = array();
if (defined('HANDLER_CLASS')) $methods = get_class_methods(HANDLER_CLASS);
if (!in_array($op, $methods)) {
$dispatcher = $this->getDispatcher();
$dispatcher->handle404();
}
// Instantiate the handler class
$handlerClass = HANDLER_CLASS;
$handler = new $handlerClass($request);
$this->setHandler($handler);
// Authorize and initialize the request but don't call the
// validate() method on page handlers.
// FIXME: We should call the validate() method for page
// requests also (last param = true in the below method
// call) once we've made sure that all validate() calls can
// be removed from handler operations without damage (i.e.
// they don't depend on actions being performed before the
// call to validate().
$args = $this->getRequestedArgs($request);
$serviceEndpoint = array($handler, $op);
$this->_authorizeInitializeAndCallRequest($serviceEndpoint, $request, $args, false);
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPRouter::url()
*/
function url($request, $newContext = null, $page = null, $op = null, $path = null,
$params = null, $anchor = null, $escape = false) {
$pathInfoEnabled = $request->isPathInfoEnabled();
//
// Base URL and Context
//
$newContext = $this->_urlCanonicalizeNewContext($newContext);
$baseUrlAndContext = $this->_urlGetBaseAndContext($request, $newContext);
$baseUrl = array_shift($baseUrlAndContext);
$context = $baseUrlAndContext;
//
// Additional path info
//
if (empty($path)) {
$additionalPath = array();
} else {
if (is_array($path)) {
$additionalPath = array_map('rawurlencode', $path);
} else {
$additionalPath = array(rawurlencode($path));
}
// If path info is disabled then we have to
// encode the path as query parameters.
if (!$pathInfoEnabled) {
$pathKey = $escape?'path%5B%5D=':'path[]=';
foreach($additionalPath as $key => $pathElement) {
$additionalPath[$key] = $pathKey.$pathElement;
}
}
}
//
// Page and Operation
//
// Are we in a page request?
$currentRequestIsAPageRequest = is_a($request->getRouter(), 'PKPPageRouter');
// Determine the operation
if ($op) {
// If an operation has been explicitly set then use it.
$op = rawurlencode($op);
} else {
// No operation has been explicitly set so let's determine a sensible
// default operation.
if (empty($newContext) && empty($page) && $currentRequestIsAPageRequest) {
// If we remain in the existing context and on the existing page then
// we will default to the current operation. We can only determine a
// current operation if the current request is a page request.
$op = $this->getRequestedOp($request);
} else {
// If a new context (or page) has been set then we'll default to the
// index operation within the new context (or on the new page).
if (empty($additionalPath)) {
// If no additional path is set we can simply leave the operation
// undefined which automatically defaults to the index operation
// but gives shorter (=nicer) URLs.
$op = null;
} else {
// If an additional path is set then we have to explicitly set the
// index operation to disambiguate the path info.
$op = 'index';
}
}
}
// Determine the page
if ($page) {
// If a page has been explicitly set then use it.
$page = rawurlencode($page);
} else {
// No page has been explicitly set so let's determine a sensible default page.
if (empty($newContext) && $currentRequestIsAPageRequest) {
// If we remain in the existing context then we will default to the current
// page. We can only determine a current page if the current request is a
// page request.
$page = $this->getRequestedPage($request);
} else {
// If a new context has been set then we'll default to the index page
// within the new context.
if (empty($op)) {
// If no explicit operation is set we can simply leave the page
// undefined which automatically defaults to the index page but gives
// shorter (=nicer) URLs.
$page = null;
} else {
// If an operation is set then we have to explicitly set the index
// page to disambiguate the path info.
$page = 'index';
}
}
}
//
// Additional query parameters
//
$additionalParameters = $this->_urlGetAdditionalParameters($request, $params, $escape);
//
// Anchor
//
$anchor = (empty($anchor) ? '' : '#'.rawurlencode($anchor));
//
// Assemble URL
//
if ($pathInfoEnabled) {
// If path info is enabled then context, page,
// operation and additional path go into the
// path info.
$pathInfoArray = $context;
if (!empty($page)) {
$pathInfoArray[] = $page;
if (!empty($op)) {
$pathInfoArray[] = $op;
}
}
$pathInfoArray = array_merge($pathInfoArray, $additionalPath);
// Query parameters
$queryParametersArray = $additionalParameters;
} else {
// If path info is disabled then context, page,
// operation and additional path are encoded as
// query parameters.
$pathInfoArray = array();
// Query parameters
$queryParametersArray = $context;
if (!empty($page)) {
$queryParametersArray[] = "page=$page";
if (!empty($op)) {
$queryParametersArray[] = "op=$op";
}
}
$queryParametersArray = array_merge($queryParametersArray, $additionalPath, $additionalParameters);
}
return $this->_urlFromParts($baseUrl, $pathInfoArray, $queryParametersArray, $anchor, $escape);
}
/**
* @copydoc PKPRouter::handleAuthorizationFailure()
*/
function handleAuthorizationFailure($request, $authorizationMessage) {
// Redirect to the authorization denied page.
if (!$request->getUser()) Validation::redirectLogin();
$request->redirect(null, 'user', 'authorizationDenied', null, array('message' => $authorizationMessage));
}
/**
* Redirect to user home page (or the user group home page if the user has one user group).
* @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
*/
function redirectHome($request) {
$request->redirectUrl($this->getHomeUrl($request));
}
/**
* Get the user's "home" page URL (e.g. where they are sent after login).
* @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
*/
function getHomeUrl($request) {
$userGroupDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('UserGroupDAO');
$user = $request->getUser();
$userId = $user->getId();
if ($context = $this->getContext($request, 1)) {
// The user is in the context, see if they have zero or one roles only
$userGroups = $userGroupDao->getByUserId($userId, $context->getId());
if($userGroups->getCount() <= 1) {
$userGroup = $userGroups->next();
if (!$userGroup || $userGroup->getRoleId() == ROLE_ID_READER) return $request->url(null, 'index');
}
return $request->url(null, 'submissions');
} else {
// The user is at the site context, check to see if they are
// only registered in one place w/ one role
$userGroups = $userGroupDao->getByUserId($userId, CONTEXT_ID_NONE);
if($userGroups->getCount() == 1) {
$contextDao = Application::getContextDAO();
$userGroup = $userGroups->next();
$context = $contextDao->getById($userGroup->getContextId());
if (!isset($context)) $request->redirect('index', 'index');
if ($userGroup->getRoleId() == ROLE_ID_READER) $request->redirect(null, 'index');
}
return $request->url('index', 'index');
}
}
//
// Private helper methods.
//
/**
* Retrieve part of the current requested
* url using the passed callback method.
* @param $callback array Core method to retrieve
* page, operation or arguments from url.
* @param $request PKPRequest
* @return array|string|null
*/
private function _getRequestedUrlParts($callback, &$request) {
$url = null;
assert(is_a($request->getRouter(), 'PKPPageRouter'));
$isPathInfoEnabled = $request->isPathInfoEnabled();
if ($isPathInfoEnabled) {
if (isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'])) {
$url = $_SERVER['PATH_INFO'];
}
} else {
$url = $request->getCompleteUrl();
}
$userVars = $request->getUserVars();
return call_user_func_array($callback, array($url, $isPathInfoEnabled, $userVars));
}
}
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