Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /home/bilfatvps/html/journal.stitaf.ac.id/lib/pkp/classes/core/PKPComponentRouter.inc.php
<?php

/**
 * @file classes/core/PKPComponentRouter.inc.php
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
 * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
 *
 * @class PKPComponentRouter
 * @ingroup core
 *
 * @brief Class mapping an HTTP request to a component handler operation.
 *
 *  We are using an RPC style URL-to-endpoint mapping. Our approach follows
 *  a simple "convention-over-configuration" paradigm. If necessary the
 *  router can be subclassed to implement more complex URL-to-endpoint mappings.
 *
 *  For servers with path info enabled the component URL has the following elements:
 *
 *       .../index.php/context1/context2/$$$call$$$/path/to/handler-class/operation-name?arg1=...&arg2=...
 *
 *  where "$$$call$$$" is a non-mutable literal string and "path/to" is
 *  by convention the directory path below the "controllers" folder leading to the
 *  component. The next element ("handler-class" in this example) will be mapped to a
 *  component class file by "camelizing" the string to "HandlerClassHandler" and adding
 *  ".inc.php" to the end. The "operation-name" is transformed to "operationName"
 *  and represents the name of the handler method to be called. Finally "arg1", "arg2",
 *  etc. are parameters to be passed along to the handler method.
 *
 *  For servers with path info disabled the component URL looks like this:
 *
 *       .../index.php?component=path.to.handler-class&op=operation-name&arg1=...&arg2=...
 *
 *  The router will sanitize the request URL to a certain amount to make sure that
 *  random code inclusions are prevented. User authorization and parameter validation
 *  are however not the router's concern. These must be implemented on handler level.
 *
 *  NB: Component and operation names may only contain a-z, 0-9 and hyphens. Numbers
 *  are not allowed at the beginning of a name or after a hyphen.
 *
 *  NB: Component handlers must implement an initialize() method that will be called
 *  before the request is routed. The initialization method must enforce authorization
 *  and request validation.
 */


// The string to be found in the URL to mark this request as a component request
define('COMPONENT_ROUTER_PATHINFO_MARKER', '$$$call$$$');

// The parameter to be found in the query string for servers with path info disabled
define('COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARAMETER_MARKER', 'component');

// This is the maximum directory depth allowed within the component directory. Set
// it to something reasonable to avoid DoS or overflow attacks
define ('COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARTS_MAXDEPTH', 9);

// This is the maximum/minimum length of the name of a sub-directory or
// handler class name.
define ('COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARTS_MAXLENGTH', 50);
define ('COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARTS_MINLENGTH', 2);

import('lib.pkp.classes.core.PKPRouter');
import('classes.core.Request');

class PKPComponentRouter extends PKPRouter {
	//
	// Internal state cache variables
	// NB: Please do not access directly but
	// only via their respective getters/setters
	//
	/** @var string the requested component handler */
	var $_component;
	/** @var string the requested operation */
	var $_op;
	/** @var array the rpc service endpoint parts from the request */
	var $_rpcServiceEndpointParts = false;
	/** @var callable the rpc service endpoint the request was routed to */
	var $_rpcServiceEndpoint = false;


	/**
	 * Determines whether this router can route the given request.
	 * @param $request PKPRequest
	 * @return boolean true, if the router supports this request, otherwise false
	 */
	function supports($request) {
		// See whether this looks like a component router request.
		// NOTE: this is prone to false positives i.e. when a class
		// name cannot be matched, but this laxity permits plugins to
		// extend the system by registering against the
		// LoadComponentHandler hook.
		return $this->_retrieveServiceEndpointParts($request) !== null;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the requested component from the request.
	 *
	 * NB: This can be a component that not actually exists
	 * in the code base.
	 *
	 * @param $request PKPRequest
	 * @return string the requested component or an empty string
	 *  if none can be found.
	 */
	function getRequestedComponent($request) {
		if (is_null($this->_component)) {
			$this->_component = '';

			// Retrieve the service endpoint parts from the request.
			if (is_null($rpcServiceEndpointParts = $this->_getValidatedServiceEndpointParts($request))) {
				// Endpoint parts cannot be found in the request
				return '';
			}

			// Pop off the operation part
			array_pop($rpcServiceEndpointParts);

			// Construct the fully qualified component class name from the rest of it.
			$handlerClassName = PKPString::camelize(array_pop($rpcServiceEndpointParts), CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_UP).'Handler';

			// camelize remaining endpoint parts
			$camelizedRpcServiceEndpointParts = array();
			foreach ( $rpcServiceEndpointParts as $part) {
				$camelizedRpcServiceEndpointParts[] = PKPString::camelize($part, CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_DOWN);
			}
			$handlerPackage = implode('.', $camelizedRpcServiceEndpointParts);

			$this->_component = $handlerPackage.'.'.$handlerClassName;
		}

		return $this->_component;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the requested operation from the request
	 *
	 * NB: This can be an operation that not actually
	 * exists in the requested component.
	 *
	 * @param $request PKPRequest
	 * @return string the requested operation or an empty string
	 *  if none can be found.
	 */
	function getRequestedOp($request) {
		if (is_null($this->_op)) {
			$this->_op = '';

			// Retrieve the service endpoint parts from the request.
			if (is_null($rpcServiceEndpointParts = $this->_getValidatedServiceEndpointParts($request))) {
				// Endpoint parts cannot be found in the request
				return '';
			}

			// Pop off the operation part
			$this->_op = PKPString::camelize(array_pop($rpcServiceEndpointParts), CAMEL_CASE_HEAD_DOWN);
		}

		return $this->_op;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the (validated) RPC service endpoint from the request.
	 * If no such RPC service endpoint can be constructed then the method
	 * returns null.
	 * @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
	 * @return callable an array with the handler instance
	 *  and the handler operation to be called by call_user_func().
	 */
	function &getRpcServiceEndpoint($request) {
		if ($this->_rpcServiceEndpoint === false) {
			// We have not yet resolved this request. Mark the
			// state variable so that we don't try again next
			// time.
			$this->_rpcServiceEndpoint = $nullVar = null;

			// Retrieve requested component operation
			$op = $this->getRequestedOp($request);
			assert(!empty($op));

			//
			// Component Handler
			//
			// Retrieve requested component handler
			$component = $this->getRequestedComponent($request);

			$allowedPackages = null;

			// Give plugins a chance to intervene
			if (!HookRegistry::call('LoadComponentHandler', array(&$component, &$op))) {

				if (empty($component)) return $nullVar;

				// Construct the component handler file name and test its existence.
				$component = 'controllers.'.$component;
				$componentFileName = str_replace('.', DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $component).'.inc.php';
				switch (true) {
					case file_exists($componentFileName):
						break;

					case file_exists(PKP_LIB_PATH . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $componentFileName):
						$component = 'lib.pkp.'.$component;
						break;

					default:
						// Request to non-existent handler
						return $nullVar;
				}

				// We expect the handler to be part of one
				// of the following packages:
				$allowedPackages = array(
					'controllers',
					'lib.pkp.controllers'
				);
			}

			// A handler at least needs to implement the
			// following methods:
			$requiredMethods = array(
				$op, 'authorize', 'validate', 'initialize'
			);

			$componentInstance =& instantiate($component, 'PKPHandler', $allowedPackages, $requiredMethods);
			if (!is_object($componentInstance)) return $nullVar;
			$this->setHandler($componentInstance);

			//
			// Callable service endpoint
			//
			// Construct the callable array
			$this->_rpcServiceEndpoint = array($componentInstance, $op);
		}

		return $this->_rpcServiceEndpoint;
	}


	//
	// Implement template methods from PKPRouter
	//
	/**
	 * @copydoc PKPRouter::route()
	 */
	function route($request) {
		// Determine the requested service endpoint.
		$rpcServiceEndpoint =& $this->getRpcServiceEndpoint($request);

		// Retrieve RPC arguments from the request.
		$args = $request->getUserVars();
		assert(is_array($args));

		// Remove the caller-parameter (if present)
		if (isset($args[COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARAMETER_MARKER])) unset($args[COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARAMETER_MARKER]);

		// Authorize, validate and initialize the request
		$this->_authorizeInitializeAndCallRequest($rpcServiceEndpoint, $request, $args);
	}

	/**
	 * @copydoc PKPRouter::url()
	 */
	function url($request, $newContext = null, $component = null, $op = null, $path = null,
			$params = null, $anchor = null, $escape = false) {
		assert(is_null($path));
		$pathInfoEnabled = $request->isPathInfoEnabled();

		//
		// Base URL and Context
		//
		$baseUrlAndContext = $this->_urlGetBaseAndContext(
				$request, $this->_urlCanonicalizeNewContext($newContext));
		$baseUrl = array_shift($baseUrlAndContext);
		$context = $baseUrlAndContext;

		//
		// Component and Operation
		//
		// We only support component/op retrieval from the request
		// if this request is a component request.
		$currentRequestIsAComponentRequest = is_a($request->getRouter(), 'PKPComponentRouter');
		if($currentRequestIsAComponentRequest) {
			if (empty($component)) $component = $this->getRequestedComponent($request);
			if (empty($op)) $op = $this->getRequestedOp($request);
		}
		assert(!empty($component) && !empty($op));

		// Encode the component and operation
		$componentParts = explode('.', $component);
		$componentName = array_pop($componentParts);
		assert(substr($componentName, -7) == 'Handler');
		$componentName = PKPString::uncamelize(substr($componentName, 0, -7));

		// uncamelize the component parts
		$uncamelizedComponentParts = array();
		foreach ($componentParts as $part) {
			$uncamelizedComponentParts[] = PKPString::uncamelize($part);
		}
		array_push($uncamelizedComponentParts, $componentName);
		$opName = PKPString::uncamelize($op);

		//
		// Additional query parameters
		//
		$additionalParameters = $this->_urlGetAdditionalParameters($request, $params, $escape);

		//
		// Anchor
		//
		$anchor = (empty($anchor) ? '' : '#'.rawurlencode($anchor));

		//
		// Assemble URL
		//
		if ($pathInfoEnabled) {
			// If path info is enabled then context, page,
			// operation and additional path go into the
			// path info.
			$pathInfoArray = array_merge(
				$context,
				array(COMPONENT_ROUTER_PATHINFO_MARKER),
				$uncamelizedComponentParts,
				array($opName)
			);

			// Query parameters
			$queryParametersArray = $additionalParameters;
		} else {
			// If path info is disabled then context, page,
			// operation and additional path are encoded as
			// query parameters.
			$pathInfoArray = array();

			// Query parameters
			$queryParametersArray = array_merge(
				$context,
				array(
					COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARAMETER_MARKER.'='.implode('.', $uncamelizedComponentParts),
					"op=$opName"
				),
				$additionalParameters
			);
		}

		return $this->_urlFromParts($baseUrl, $pathInfoArray, $queryParametersArray, $anchor, $escape);
	}

	/**
	 * @copydoc PKPRouter::handleAuthorizationFailure()
	 */
	function handleAuthorizationFailure($request, $authorizationMessage) {
		// Translate the authorization error message.
		if (defined('LOCALE_COMPONENT_APP_COMMON')) {
			AppLocale::requireComponents(LOCALE_COMPONENT_APP_COMMON);
		}
		AppLocale::requireComponents(LOCALE_COMPONENT_PKP_USER);
		$translatedAuthorizationMessage = __($authorizationMessage);

		// Add the router name and operation if show_stacktrace is enabled.
		if (Config::getVar('debug', 'show_stacktrace')) {
			$url = $request->getRequestUrl();
			$queryString = $request->getQueryString();
			if ($queryString) $queryString = '?'.$queryString;
			$translatedAuthorizationMessage .= ' ['.$url.$queryString.']';
		}
		// Return a JSON error message.
		import('lib.pkp.classes.core.JSONMessage');
		return new JSONMessage(false, $translatedAuthorizationMessage);
	}


	//
	// Private helper methods
	//
	/**
	 * Get the (validated) RPC service endpoint parts from the request.
	 * If no such RPC service endpoint parts can be retrieved
	 * then the method returns null.
	 * @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
	 * @return array a string array with the RPC service endpoint
	 *  parts as values.
	 */
	function _getValidatedServiceEndpointParts($request) {
		if ($this->_rpcServiceEndpointParts === false) {
			// Mark the internal state variable so this
			// will not be called again.
			$this->_rpcServiceEndpointParts = null;

			// Retrieve service endpoint parts from the request.
			if (is_null($rpcServiceEndpointParts = $this->_retrieveServiceEndpointParts($request))) {
				// This is not an RPC request
				return null;
			}

			// Validate the service endpoint parts.
			if (is_null($rpcServiceEndpointParts = $this->_validateServiceEndpointParts($rpcServiceEndpointParts))) {
				// Invalid request
				return null;
			}

			// Assign the validated service endpoint parts
			$this->_rpcServiceEndpointParts = $rpcServiceEndpointParts;
		}

		return $this->_rpcServiceEndpointParts;
	}

	/**
	 * Try to retrieve a (non-validated) array with the service
	 * endpoint parts from the request. See the classdoc for the
	 * URL patterns supported here.
	 * @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
	 * @return array an array of (non-validated) service endpoint
	 *  parts or null if the request is not an RPC request.
	 */
	function _retrieveServiceEndpointParts($request) {
		// URL pattern depends on whether the server has path info
		// enabled or not. See classdoc for details.
		if ($request->isPathInfoEnabled()) {
			if (!isset($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'])) return null;

			$pathInfoParts = explode('/', trim($_SERVER['PATH_INFO'], '/'));

			// We expect at least the context + the component
			// router marker + 3 component parts (path, handler, operation)
			$application = $this->getApplication();
			$contextDepth = $application->getContextDepth();
			if (count($pathInfoParts) < $contextDepth + 4) {
				// This path info is too short to be an RPC request
				return null;
			}

			// Check the component router marker
			if ($pathInfoParts[$contextDepth] != COMPONENT_ROUTER_PATHINFO_MARKER) {
				// This is not an RPC request
				return null;
			}

			// Remove context and component marker from the array
			$rpcServiceEndpointParts = array_slice($pathInfoParts, $contextDepth + 1);
		} else {
			$componentParameter = $request->getUserVar(COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARAMETER_MARKER);
			$operationParameter = $request->getUserVar('op');
			if (is_null($componentParameter) || is_null($operationParameter)) {
				// This is not an RPC request
				return null;
			}

			// Expand the router parameter
			$rpcServiceEndpointParts = explode('.', $componentParameter);

			// Add the operation
			array_push($rpcServiceEndpointParts, $operationParameter);
		}

		return $rpcServiceEndpointParts;
	}

	/**
	 * This method pre-validates the service endpoint parts before
	 * we try to convert them to a file/method name. This also
	 * converts all parts to lower case.
	 * @param $rpcServiceEndpointParts array
	 * @return array the validated service endpoint parts or null if validation
	 *  does not succeed.
	 */
	function _validateServiceEndpointParts($rpcServiceEndpointParts) {
		// Do we have data at all?
		if (is_null($rpcServiceEndpointParts) || empty($rpcServiceEndpointParts)
				|| !is_array($rpcServiceEndpointParts)) return null;

		// We require at least three parts: component directory, handler
		// and method name.
		if (count($rpcServiceEndpointParts) < 3) return null;

		// Check that the array dimensions remain within sane limits.
		if (count($rpcServiceEndpointParts) > COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARTS_MAXDEPTH) return null;

		// Validate the individual endpoint parts.
		foreach($rpcServiceEndpointParts as $key => $rpcServiceEndpointPart) {
			// Make sure that none of the elements exceeds the length limit.
			$partLen = strlen($rpcServiceEndpointPart);
			if ($partLen > COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARTS_MAXLENGTH
					|| $partLen < COMPONENT_ROUTER_PARTS_MINLENGTH) return null;

			// Service endpoint URLs are case insensitive.
			$rpcServiceEndpointParts[$key] = strtolower_codesafe($rpcServiceEndpointPart);

			// We only allow letters, numbers and the hyphen.
			if (!PKPString::regexp_match('/^[a-z0-9-]*$/', $rpcServiceEndpointPart)) return null;
		}

		return $rpcServiceEndpointParts;
	}
}

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