Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file classes/core/Dispatcher.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class Dispatcher
* @ingroup core
*
* @brief Class dispatching HTTP requests to handlers.
*/
class Dispatcher {
/** @var PKPApplication */
var $_application;
/** @var array an array of Router implementation class names */
var $_routerNames = array();
/** @var array an array of Router instances */
var $_routerInstances = array();
/** @var PKPRouter */
var $_router;
/** @var PKPRequest Used for a callback hack - NOT GENERALLY SET. */
var $_requestCallbackHack;
/**
* Get the application
* @return PKPApplication
*/
function &getApplication() {
return $this->_application;
}
/**
* Set the application
* @param $application PKPApplication
*/
function setApplication($application) {
$this->_application = $application;
}
/**
* Get the router names
* @return array an array of Router names
*/
function &getRouterNames() {
return $this->_routerNames;
}
/**
* Add a router name.
*
* NB: Routers will be called in the order that they
* have been added to the dispatcher. The first router
* that supports the request will be called. The last
* router should always be a "catch-all" router that
* supports all types of requests.
*
* NB: Routers must be part of the core package
* to be accepted by this dispatcher implementation.
*
* @param $routerName string a class name of a router
* to be given the chance to route the request.
* NB: These are class names and not instantiated objects. We'll
* use lazy instantiation to reduce the performance/memory impact
* to a minimum.
* @param $shortcut string a shortcut name for the router
* to be used for quick router instance retrieval.
*/
function addRouterName($routerName, $shortcut) {
assert(is_array($this->_routerNames) && is_string($routerName));
$this->_routerNames[$shortcut] = $routerName;
}
/**
* Determine the correct router for this request. Then
* let the router dispatch the request to the appropriate
* handler method.
* @param $request PKPRequest
*/
function dispatch($request) {
// Make sure that we have at least one router configured
$routerNames = $this->getRouterNames();
assert(count($routerNames) > 0);
// Go through all configured routers by priority
// and find out whether one supports the incoming request
foreach($routerNames as $shortcut => $routerCandidateName) {
$routerCandidate =& $this->_instantiateRouter($routerCandidateName, $shortcut);
// Does this router support the current request?
if ($routerCandidate->supports($request)) {
// Inject router and dispatcher into request
$request->setRouter($routerCandidate);
$request->setDispatcher($this);
// We've found our router and can go on
// to handle the request.
$router =& $routerCandidate;
$this->_router =& $router;
break;
}
}
// None of the router handles this request? This is a development-time
// configuration error.
if (is_null($router)) fatalError('None of the configured routers supports this request.');
// Can we serve a cached response?
if ($router->isCacheable($request)) {
$this->_requestCallbackHack =& $request;
if (Config::getVar('cache', 'web_cache')) {
if ($this->_displayCached($router, $request)) exit(); // Success
ob_start(array($this, '_cacheContent'));
}
} else {
if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_X_MOZ']) && $_SERVER['HTTP_X_MOZ'] == 'prefetch') {
header('HTTP/1.0 403 Forbidden');
echo '403: Forbidden<br><br>Pre-fetching not allowed.';
exit;
}
}
AppLocale::initialize($request);
PluginRegistry::loadCategory('generic', true);
$router->route($request);
}
/**
* Build a handler request URL into PKPApplication.
* @param $request PKPRequest the request to be routed
* @param $shortcut string the short name of the router that should be used to construct the URL
* @param $newContext mixed Optional contextual paths
* @param $handler string Optional name of the handler to invoke
* @param $op string Optional name of operation to invoke
* @param $path mixed Optional string or array of args to pass to handler
* @param $params array Optional set of name => value pairs to pass as user parameters
* @param $anchor string Optional name of anchor to add to URL
* @param $escape boolean Whether or not to escape ampersands for this URL; default false.
* @return string the URL
*/
function url($request, $shortcut, $newContext = null, $handler = null, $op = null, $path = null,
$params = null, $anchor = null, $escape = false) {
// Instantiate the requested router
assert(isset($this->_routerNames[$shortcut]));
$routerName = $this->_routerNames[$shortcut];
$router =& $this->_instantiateRouter($routerName, $shortcut);
return $router->url($request, $newContext, $handler, $op, $path, $params, $anchor, $escape);
}
//
// Private helper methods
//
/**
* Instantiate a router
* @param $routerName string
* @param $shortcut string
*/
function &_instantiateRouter($routerName, $shortcut) {
if (!isset($this->_routerInstances[$shortcut])) {
// Routers must belong to the classes.core or lib.pkp.classes.core package
// NB: This prevents code inclusion attacks.
$allowedRouterPackages = array(
'classes.core',
'lib.pkp.classes.core'
);
// Instantiate the router
$router =& instantiate($routerName, 'PKPRouter', $allowedRouterPackages);
if (!is_object($router)) {
fatalError('Cannot instantiate requested router. Routers must belong to the core package and be of type "PKPRouter".');
}
$router->setApplication($this->_application);
$router->setDispatcher($this);
// Save the router instance for later re-use
$this->_routerInstances[$shortcut] =& $router;
}
return $this->_routerInstances[$shortcut];
}
/**
* Display the request contents from cache.
* @param $router PKPRouter
*/
function _displayCached($router, $request) {
$filename = $router->getCacheFilename($request);
if (!file_exists($filename)) return false;
// Allow a caching proxy to work its magic if possible
$ifModifiedSince = $request->getIfModifiedSince();
if ($ifModifiedSince !== null && $ifModifiedSince >= filemtime($filename)) {
header('HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified');
exit();
}
$fp = fopen($filename, 'r');
$data = fread($fp, filesize($filename));
fclose($fp);
$i = strpos($data, ':');
$time = substr($data, 0, $i);
$contents = substr($data, $i+1);
if (mktime() > $time + Config::getVar('cache', 'web_cache_hours') * 60 * 60) return false;
header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=' . Config::getVar('i18n', 'client_charset'));
echo $contents;
return true;
}
/**
* Cache content as a local file.
* @param $contents string
* @return string
*/
function _cacheContent($contents) {
assert(is_a($this->_router, 'PKPRouter'));
if ($contents == '') return $contents; // Do not cache empties
$filename = $this->_router->getCacheFilename($this->_requestCallbackHack);
$fp = fopen($filename, 'w');
if ($fp) {
fwrite($fp, mktime() . ':' . $contents);
fclose($fp);
}
return $contents;
}
/**
* Handle a 404 error (page not found).
*/
function handle404() {
PKPRequest::_checkThis();
header('HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found');
fatalError('404 Not Found');
}
}
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