Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file classes/core/DataObject.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class DataObject
* @ingroup core
* @see Core
*
* @brief Any class with an associated DAO should extend this class.
*/
class DataObject {
/** @var array Array of object data */
var $_data = array();
/** @var boolean whether this objects loads meta-data adapters from the database */
var $_hasLoadableAdapters = false;
/** @var array an array of meta-data extraction adapters (one per supported schema) */
var $_metadataExtractionAdapters = array();
/** @var boolean whether extraction adapters have already been loaded from the database */
var $_extractionAdaptersLoaded = false;
/** @var array an array of meta-data injection adapters (one per supported schema) */
var $_metadataInjectionAdapters = array();
/** @var boolean whether injection adapters have already been loaded from the database */
var $_injectionAdaptersLoaded = false;
/**
* Constructor.
*/
function __construct() {
}
//
// Getters and Setters
//
/**
* Get a piece of data for this object, localized to the current
* locale if possible.
* @param $key string
* @return mixed
*/
function &getLocalizedData($key) {
$localePrecedence = AppLocale::getLocalePrecedence();
foreach ($localePrecedence as $locale) {
$value =& $this->getData($key, $locale);
if (!empty($value)) return $value;
unset($value);
}
// Fallback: Get the first available piece of data.
$data =& $this->getData($key, null);
if (!empty($data)) {
// WARNING: Collapsing the following into a single line causes PHP 5.0.5 to die.
$locales = array_keys($data);
$firstLocale = array_shift($locales);
return $data[$firstLocale];
}
// No data available; return null.
unset($data);
$data = null;
return $data;
}
/**
* Get the value of a data variable.
* @param $key string
* @param $locale string (optional)
* @return mixed
*/
function &getData($key, $locale = null) {
if (is_null($locale)) {
if (array_key_exists($key, $this->_data)) {
return $this->_data[$key];
}
} else {
// see http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=29848
if (array_key_exists($key, $this->_data) && is_array($this->_data[$key]) && array_key_exists($locale, $this->_data[$key])) {
return $this->_data[$key][$locale];
}
}
$nullVar = null;
return $nullVar;
}
/**
* Set the value of a new or existing data variable.
* NB: Passing in null as a value will unset the
* data variable if it already existed.
* @param $key string
* @param $value mixed can be either a single value or
* an array of of localized values in the form:
* array(
* 'fr_FR' => 'en français',
* 'en_US' => 'in English',
* ...
* )
* @param $locale string (optional) non-null for a single
* localized value. Null for a non-localized value or
* when setting all locales at once (see comment for
* $value parameter)
*/
function setData($key, $value, $locale = null) {
if (is_null($locale)) {
// This is either a non-localized value or we're
// passing in all locales at once.
if (is_null($value)) {
if (array_key_exists($key, $this->_data)) unset($this->_data[$key]);
} else {
$this->_data[$key] = $value;
}
} else {
// (Un-)set a single localized value.
if (is_null($value)) {
// see http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=29848
if (array_key_exists($key, $this->_data)) {
if (is_array($this->_data[$key]) && array_key_exists($locale, $this->_data[$key])) unset($this->_data[$key][$locale]);
// Was this the last entry for the data variable?
if (empty($this->_data[$key])) unset($this->_data[$key]);
}
} else {
$this->_data[$key][$locale] = $value;
}
}
}
/**
* Check whether a value exists for a given data variable.
* @param $key string
* @param $locale string (optional)
* @return boolean
*/
function hasData($key, $locale = null) {
if (is_null($locale)) {
return array_key_exists($key, $this->_data);
} else {
// see http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=29848
return array_key_exists($key, $this->_data) && is_array($this->_data[$key]) && array_key_exists($locale, $this->_data[$key]);
}
}
/**
* Return an array with all data variables.
* @return array
*/
function &getAllData() {
return $this->_data;
}
/**
* Set all data variables at once.
* @param $data array
*/
function setAllData(&$data) {
$this->_data =& $data;
}
/**
* Get ID of object.
* @return int
*/
function getId() {
return $this->getData('id');
}
/**
* Set ID of object.
* @param $id int
*/
function setId($id) {
$this->setData('id', $id);
}
//
// Public helper methods
//
/**
* Upcast this data object to the target object.
*
* We use the DataObject's getAllData() and setAllData() interface
* to upcast objects. This means that if the default implementations
* of these methods do not provide data that is adequate for
* upcasting between objects of the same inheritance hierarchy
* then objects that need more complicated casting behavior
* must override these methods.
*
* Note: Data in the target object will be overwritten. We do not
* clone the target object before we upcast.
*
* @param $targetObject DataObject The object to cast to.
*
* @return DataObject The upcast target object.
*/
function upcastTo($targetObject) {
// Copy data from the source to the target.
$targetObject->setAllData($this->getAllData());
// Return the upcast object.
return $targetObject;
}
//
// MetadataProvider interface implementation
//
/**
* Set whether the object has loadable meta-data adapters
* @param $hasLoadableAdapters boolean
*/
function setHasLoadableAdapters($hasLoadableAdapters) {
$this->_hasLoadableAdapters = $hasLoadableAdapters;
}
/**
* Get whether the object has loadable meta-data adapters
* @return boolean
*/
function getHasLoadableAdapters() {
return $this->_hasLoadableAdapters;
}
/**
* Add a meta-data adapter that will be supported
* by this application entity. Only one adapter per schema
* can be added.
* @param $metadataAdapter MetadataDataObjectAdapter
*/
function addSupportedMetadataAdapter($metadataAdapter) {
$metadataSchemaName = $metadataAdapter->getMetadataSchemaName();
assert(!empty($metadataSchemaName));
// NB: Some adapters are injectors and extractors at the same time,
// notably the meta-data description dummy adapter that converts
// from/to a meta-data description. That's why we have to check
// input and output type separately.
// Is this a meta-data extractor?
$inputType = $metadataAdapter->getInputType();
if ($inputType->checkType($this)) {
if (!isset($this->_metadataExtractionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName])) {
$this->_metadataExtractionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName] = $metadataAdapter;
}
}
// Is this a meta-data injector?
$outputType = $metadataAdapter->getOutputType();
if ($outputType->checkType($this)) {
if (!isset($this->_metadataInjectionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName])) {
$this->_metadataInjectionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName] = $metadataAdapter;
}
}
}
/**
* Remove all adapters for the given meta-data schema
* (if it exists).
*
* @param $metadataSchemaName string fully qualified class name
* @return boolean true if an adapter was removed, otherwise false.
*/
function removeSupportedMetadataAdapter($metadataSchemaName) {
$result = false;
if (isset($this->_metadataExtractionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName])) {
unset($this->_metadataExtractionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName]);
$result = true;
}
if (isset($this->_metadataInjectionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName])) {
unset($this->_metadataInjectionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName]);
$result = true;
}
return $result;
}
/**
* Get all meta-data extraction adapters that
* support this data object. This includes adapters
* loaded from the database.
* @return array
*/
function getSupportedExtractionAdapters() {
// Load meta-data adapters from the database.
if ($this->getHasLoadableAdapters() && !$this->_extractionAdaptersLoaded) {
$filterDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('FilterDAO'); /* @var $filterDao FilterDAO */
$loadedAdapters = $filterDao->getObjectsByTypeDescription('class::%', 'metadata::%', $this);
foreach($loadedAdapters as $loadedAdapter) {
$this->addSupportedMetadataAdapter($loadedAdapter);
}
$this->_extractionAdaptersLoaded = true;
}
return $this->_metadataExtractionAdapters;
}
/**
* Get all meta-data injection adapters that
* support this data object. This includes adapters
* loaded from the database.
* @return array
*/
function getSupportedInjectionAdapters() {
// Load meta-data adapters from the database.
if ($this->getHasLoadableAdapters() && !$this->_injectionAdaptersLoaded) {
$filterDao = DAORegistry::getDAO('FilterDAO'); /* @var $filterDao FilterDAO */
$loadedAdapters = $filterDao->getObjectsByTypeDescription('metadata::%', 'class::%', $this, false);
foreach($loadedAdapters as $loadedAdapter) {
$this->addSupportedMetadataAdapter($loadedAdapter);
}
$this->_injectionAdaptersLoaded = true;
}
return $this->_metadataInjectionAdapters;
}
/**
* Returns all supported meta-data schemas
* which are supported by extractor adapters.
* @return array
*/
function getSupportedMetadataSchemas() {
$supportedMetadataSchemas = array();
$extractionAdapters = $this->getSupportedExtractionAdapters();
foreach($extractionAdapters as $metadataAdapter) {
$supportedMetadataSchemas[] = $metadataAdapter->getMetadataSchema();
}
return $supportedMetadataSchemas;
}
/**
* Retrieve the names of meta-data
* properties of this data object.
* @param $translated boolean if true, return localized field
* names, otherwise return additional field names.
*/
function getMetadataFieldNames($translated = true) {
// Create a list of all possible meta-data field names
$metadataFieldNames = array();
$extractionAdapters = $this->getSupportedExtractionAdapters();
foreach($extractionAdapters as $metadataAdapter) {
// Add the field names from the current adapter
$metadataFieldNames = array_merge(
$metadataFieldNames,
$metadataAdapter->getDataObjectMetadataFieldNames($translated)
);
}
return array_unique($metadataFieldNames);
}
/**
* Retrieve the names of meta-data
* properties that need to be persisted
* (i.e. that have data).
* @param $translated boolean if true, return localized field
* names, otherwise return additional field names.
* @return array an array of field names
*/
function getSetMetadataFieldNames($translated = true) {
// Retrieve a list of all possible meta-data field names
$metadataFieldNameCandidates = $this->getMetadataFieldNames($translated);
// Only retain those fields that have data
$metadataFieldNames = array();
foreach($metadataFieldNameCandidates as $metadataFieldNameCandidate) {
if($this->hasData($metadataFieldNameCandidate)) {
$metadataFieldNames[] = $metadataFieldNameCandidate;
}
}
return $metadataFieldNames;
}
/**
* Retrieve the names of translated meta-data
* properties that need to be persisted.
* @return array an array of field names
*/
function getLocaleMetadataFieldNames() {
return $this->getMetadataFieldNames(true);
}
/**
* Retrieve the names of additional meta-data
* properties that need to be persisted.
* @return array an array of field names
*/
function getAdditionalMetadataFieldNames() {
return $this->getMetadataFieldNames(false);
}
/**
* Inject a meta-data description into this
* data object.
* @param $metadataDescription MetadataDescription
* @param $replace boolean whether to delete existing meta-data
* @return boolean true on success, otherwise false
*/
function injectMetadata($metadataDescription) {
$dataObject = null;
$metadataSchemaName = $metadataDescription->getMetadataSchemaName();
$injectionAdapters = $this->getSupportedInjectionAdapters();
if(isset($injectionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName])) {
// Get the meta-data adapter that supports the
// given meta-data description's schema.
$metadataAdapter = $injectionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName]; /* @var $metadataAdapter MetadataDataObjectAdapter */
// Pass in a reference to the data object which
// the filter will use to update the current instance
// of the data object.
$metadataAdapter->setTargetDataObject($this);
// Use adapter filter to convert from a meta-data
// description to a data object.
$dataObject = $metadataAdapter->execute($metadataDescription);
}
return $dataObject;
}
/**
* Extract a meta-data description from this
* data object.
* @param $metadataSchema MetadataSchema
* @return $metadataDescription MetadataDescription
*/
function extractMetadata($metadataSchema) {
$metadataDescription = null;
$metadataSchemaName = $metadataSchema->getClassName();
$extractionAdapters = $this->getSupportedExtractionAdapters();
if(isset($extractionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName])) {
// Get the meta-data adapter that supports the
// given meta-data description's schema.
$metadataAdapter = $extractionAdapters[$metadataSchemaName];
// Use adapter filter to convert from a data object
// to a meta-data description.
$metadataDescription = $metadataAdapter->execute($this);
}
return $metadataDescription;
}
/**
* Get DAO class name for this object.
* @return DAO
*/
function getDAO() {
assert(false);
}
}
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