Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam  Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

Nuur Mahmudah; Khairunnisa

doi:10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817

Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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<?php

/**
 * @defgroup core Core
 * Core web application concerns such as routing, dispatching, etc.
 */

/**
 * @file classes/core/Core.inc.php
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
 * Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
 * Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
 *
 * @class Core
 * @ingroup core
 *
 * @brief Class containing system-wide functions.
 */


define('PKP_LIB_PATH', 'lib' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'pkp');
define('COUNTER_USER_AGENTS_FILE', Core::getBaseDir() . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . PKP_LIB_PATH . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'lib' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'counterBots' .  DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'generated' . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'COUNTER_Robots_list.txt');


class Core {

	/** @var array The regular expressions that will find a bot user agent */
	static $botRegexps = array();

	/**
	 * Get the path to the base installation directory.
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function getBaseDir() {
		static $baseDir;

		if (!isset($baseDir)) {
			// Need to change if the index file moves
			$baseDir = dirname(INDEX_FILE_LOCATION);
		}

		return $baseDir;
	}

	/**
	 * Sanitize a value to be used in a file path.
	 * Removes any characters except alphanumeric characters, underscores, and dashes.
	 * @param $var string
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function cleanFileVar($var) {
		return PKPString::regexp_replace('/[^\w\-]/', '', $var);
	}

	/**
	 * Return the current date in ISO (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) format.
	 * @param $ts int optional, use specified timestamp instead of current time
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function getCurrentDate($ts = null) {
		return date('Y-m-d H:i:s', isset($ts) ? $ts : time());
	}

	/**
	 * Return *nix timestamp with microseconds (in units of seconds).
	 * @return float
	 */
	static function microtime() {
		list($usec, $sec) = explode(' ', microtime());
		return (float)$sec + (float)$usec;
	}

	/**
	 * Check if the server platform is Windows.
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	static function isWindows() {
		return strtolower_codesafe(substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3)) == 'win';
	}

	/**
	 * Checks to see if a PHP module is enabled.
	 * @param $moduleName string
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	static function checkGeneralPHPModule($moduleName) {
		if (extension_loaded($moduleName)) {
			return true;
		}
		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Check the passed user agent for a bot.
	 * @param $userAgent string
	 * @param $botRegexpsFile string An alternative file with regular
	 * expressions to find bots inside user agent strings.
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	static function isUserAgentBot($userAgent, $botRegexpsFile = COUNTER_USER_AGENTS_FILE) {
		static $botRegexps;
		Registry::set('currentUserAgentsFile', $botRegexpsFile);

		if (!isset($botRegexps[$botRegexpsFile])) {
			$botFileCacheId = md5($botRegexpsFile);
			$cacheManager = CacheManager::getManager();
			$cache = $cacheManager->getCache('core', $botFileCacheId, array('Core', '_botFileListCacheMiss'), CACHE_TYPE_FILE);
			$botRegexps[$botRegexpsFile] = $cache->getContents();
		}

		foreach ($botRegexps[$botRegexpsFile] as $regexp) {
			// make the search case insensitive
			$regexp .= 'i';
			if (PKPString::regexp_match($regexp, $userAgent)) {
				return true;
			}
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Get context paths present into the passed
	 * url information.
	 * @param $urlInfo string Full url or just path info.
	 * @param $isPathInfo boolean Whether the
	 * passed url info string is a path info or not.
	 * @param $contextList array (optional)
	 * @param $contextDepth int (optional)
	 * @param $userVars array (optional) Pass GET variables
	 * if needed (for testing only).
	 * @return array
	 */
	static function getContextPaths($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, $contextList = null, $contextDepth = null, $userVars = array()) {
		$contextPaths = array();
		$application = Application::getApplication();

		if (!$contextList) {
			$contextList = $application->getContextList();
		}
		if (!$contextDepth) {
			$contextDepth = $application->getContextDepth();
		}

		// Handle context depth 0
		if (!$contextDepth) return $contextPaths;

		if ($isPathInfo) {
			// Split the path info into its constituents. Save all non-context
			// path info in $contextPaths[$contextDepth]
			// by limiting the explode statement.
			$contextPaths = explode('/', trim($urlInfo, '/'), $contextDepth + 1);
			// Remove the part of the path info that is not relevant for context (if present)
			unset($contextPaths[$contextDepth]);
		} else {
			// Retrieve context from url query string
			foreach($contextList as $key => $contextName) {
				$contextPaths[$key] = Core::_getUserVar($urlInfo, $contextName, $userVars);
			}
		}

		// Canonicalize and clean context paths
		for($key = 0; $key < $contextDepth; $key++) {
			$contextPaths[$key] = (
				isset($contextPaths[$key]) && !empty($contextPaths[$key]) ?
				$contextPaths[$key] : 'index'
			);
			$contextPaths[$key] = Core::cleanFileVar($contextPaths[$key]);
		}

		return $contextPaths;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the page present into
	 * the passed url information. It expects that urls
	 * were built using the system.
	 * @param $urlInfo string Full url or just path info.
	 * @param $isPathInfo boolean Tell if the
	 * passed url info string is a path info or not.
	 * @param $userVars array (optional) Pass GET variables
	 * if needed (for testing only).
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function getPage($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, $userVars = array()) {
		$page = Core::_getUrlComponents($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, 0, 'page', $userVars);
		return Core::cleanFileVar(is_null($page) ? '' : $page);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the operation present into
	 * the passed url information. It expects that urls
	 * were built using the system.
	 * @param $urlInfo string Full url or just path info.
	 * @param $isPathInfo boolean Tell if the
	 * passed url info string is a path info or not.
	 * @param $userVars array (optional) Pass GET variables
	 * if needed (for testing only).
	 * @return string
	 */
	static function getOp($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, $userVars = array()) {
		$operation = Core::_getUrlComponents($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, 1, 'op', $userVars);
		return Core::cleanFileVar(empty($operation) ? 'index' : $operation);
	}

	/**
	 * Get the arguments present into
	 * the passed url information (not GET/POST arguments,
	 * only arguments appended to the URL separated by "/").
	 * It expects that urls were built using the system.
	 * @param $urlInfo string Full url or just path info.
	 * @param $isPathInfo boolean Tell if the
	 * passed url info string is a path info or not.
	 * @param $userVars array (optional) Pass GET variables
	 * if needed (for testing only).
	 * @return array
	 */
	static function getArgs($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, $userVars = array()) {
		return Core::_getUrlComponents($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, 2, 'path', $userVars);
	}

 	/**
	 * Remove base url from the passed url, if any.
	 * Also, if true, checks for the context path in
	 * url and if it's missing, tries to add it.
	 * @param $url string
	 * @return string|bool The url without base url,
	 * false if it was not possible to remove it.
	 */
	function removeBaseUrl($url) {
		list($baseUrl, $contextPath) = Core::_getBaseUrlAndPath($url);

		if (!$baseUrl) return false;

		// Remove base url from url, if any.
		$url = str_replace($baseUrl, '', $url);

		// If url doesn't have the entire protocol and host part,
		// remove any possible base url path from url.
		$baseUrlPath = parse_url($baseUrl, PHP_URL_PATH);
		if ($baseUrlPath == $url) {
			// Access to the base url, no context, the entire
			// url is part of the base url and we can return empty.
			$url = '';
		} else {
			// Handle case where index.php was removed by rewrite rules,
			// and we have base url followed by the args.
			if (strpos($url, $baseUrlPath . '?') === 0) {
				$replacement = '?'; // Url path replacement.
				$baseSystemEscapedPath = preg_quote($baseUrlPath . '?', '/');
			} else {
				$replacement = '/'; // Url path replacement.
				$baseSystemEscapedPath = preg_quote($baseUrlPath . '/', '/');
			}
			$url = preg_replace('/^' . $baseSystemEscapedPath . '/', $replacement, $url);

			// Remove possible index.php page from url.
			$url = str_replace('/index.php', '', $url);
		}

		if ($contextPath) {
			// We found the contextPath using the base_url
			// config file settings. Check if the url starts
			// with the context path, if not, prepend it.
			if (strpos($url, '/' . $contextPath . '/') !== 0) {
				$url = '/' . $contextPath . $url;
			}
		}

		// Remove any possible trailing slashes.
		$url = rtrim($url, '/');

		return $url;
	}

	/**
	 * Try to get the base url and, if configuration
	 * is set to use base url override, context
	 * path for the passed url.
	 * @param $url string
	 * @return array With two elements, base url and context path.
	 */
	function _getBaseUrlAndPath($url) {
		$baseUrl = false;
		$contextPath = false;

		// Check for override base url settings.
		$contextBaseUrls = Config::getContextBaseUrls();

		if (empty($contextBaseUrls)) {
			$baseUrl = Config::getVar('general', 'base_url');
		} else {
			// We are just interested in context base urls, remove the index one.
			if (isset($contextBaseUrls['index'])) {
				unset($contextBaseUrls['index']);
			}

			// Arrange them in length order, so we make sure
			// we get the correct one, in case there's an overlaping
			// of contexts, eg.:
			// base_url[context1] = http://somesite.com/
			// base_url[context2] = http://somesite.com/context2
			$sortedBaseUrls = array_combine($contextBaseUrls, array_map('strlen', $contextBaseUrls));
			arsort($sortedBaseUrls);

			foreach (array_keys($sortedBaseUrls) as $workingBaseUrl) {
				$urlHost = parse_url($url, PHP_URL_HOST);
				if (is_null($urlHost)) {
					// Check the base url without the host part.
					$baseUrlHost = parse_url($workingBaseUrl, PHP_URL_HOST);
					if (is_null($baseUrlHost)) break;
					$baseUrlToSearch = substr($workingBaseUrl, strpos($workingBaseUrl, $baseUrlHost) + strlen($baseUrlHost));
					// Base url with only host part, add trailing slash
					// so it can be checked below.
					if (!$baseUrlToSearch) $baseUrlToSearch = '/';
				} else {
					$baseUrlToSearch = $workingBaseUrl;
				}

				$baseUrlCheck = Core::_checkBaseUrl($baseUrlToSearch, $url);
				if (is_null($baseUrlCheck)) {
					// Can't decide. Stop searching.
					break;
				} else if ($baseUrlCheck === true) {
					$contextPath = array_search($workingBaseUrl, $contextBaseUrls);
					$baseUrl = $workingBaseUrl;
					break;
				}
			}
		}

		return array($baseUrl, $contextPath);
	}

	/**
	 * Check if the passed base url is part of
	 * the passed url, based on the context base url
	 * configuration. Both parameters can represent
	 * full url (host plus path) or just the path,
	 * but they have to be consistent.
	 * @param $baseUrl string Full base url
	 * or just it's path info.
	 * @param $url string Full url or just it's
	 * path info.
	 * @return boolean
	 */
	function _checkBaseUrl($baseUrl, $url) {
		// Check if both base url and url have host
		// component or not.
		$baseUrlHasHost = (boolean) parse_url($baseUrl, PHP_URL_HOST);
		$urlHasHost = (boolean) parse_url($url, PHP_URL_HOST);
		if ($baseUrlHasHost !== $urlHasHost) return false;

		$contextBaseUrls =& Config::getContextBaseUrls();

		// If the base url is found inside the passed url,
		// then we might found the right context path.
		if (strpos($url, $baseUrl) === 0) {
			if (strpos($url, '/index.php') == strlen($baseUrl) - 1) {
				// index.php appears right after the base url,
				// no more possible paths.
				return true;
			} else {
				// Still have to check if there is no other context
				// base url that combined with it's context path is
				// equal to this base url. If it exists, we can't
				// tell which base url is contained in url.
				foreach ($contextBaseUrls as $contextPath => $workingBaseUrl) {
					$urlToCheck = $workingBaseUrl . '/' . $contextPath;
					if (!$baseUrlHasHost) $urlToCheck = parse_url($urlToCheck, PHP_URL_PATH);
					if ($baseUrl == $urlToCheck) {
						return null;
					}
				}

				return true;
			}
		}

		return false;
	}

	/**
	 * Bot list file cache miss fallback.
	 * @param $cache FileCache
	 * @return array:
	 */
	static function _botFileListCacheMiss($cache) {
		$id = $cache->getCacheId();
		$filteredBotRegexps = array_filter(file(Registry::get('currentUserAgentsFile')),
			function ($regexp) {
				$regexp = trim($regexp);
				return !empty($regexp) && $regexp[0] != '#';
			}
		);
		$botRegexps = array_map(function ($regexp) {
				$delimiter = '/';
				$regexp = trim($regexp);
				if(strpos($regexp, $delimiter) !== 0) {
					// Make sure delimiters are in place.
					$regexp = $delimiter . $regexp . $delimiter;
				}
				return $regexp;
			},
			$filteredBotRegexps
		);
		$cache->setEntireCache($botRegexps);
		return $botRegexps;
	}

	/**
	 * Get passed variable value inside the passed url.
	 * @param $url string
	 * @param $varName string
	 * @param $userVars array
	 * @return string|null
	 */
	private static function _getUserVar($url, $varName, $userVars = array()) {
		$returner = null;
		parse_str(parse_url($url, PHP_URL_QUERY), $userVarsFromUrl);
		if (isset($userVarsFromUrl[$varName])) $returner = $userVarsFromUrl[$varName];

		if (is_null($returner)) {
			// Try to retrieve from passed user vars, if any.
			if (!empty($userVars) && isset($userVars[$varName])) {
				$returner = $userVars[$varName];
			}
		}

		return $returner;
	}

	/**
	 * Get url components (page, operation and args)
	 * based on the passed offset.
	 * @param $urlInfo string
	 * @param $isPathInfo string
	 * @param $offset int
	 * @param $varName string
	 * @param $userVars array (optional) GET variables
	 * (only for testing).
	 * @return mixed array|string|null
	 */
	private static function _getUrlComponents($urlInfo, $isPathInfo, $offset, $varName = '', $userVars = array()) {
		$component = null;

		$isArrayComponent = false;
		if ($varName == 'path') {
			$isArrayComponent = true;
		}
		if ($isPathInfo) {
			$application = Application::getApplication();
			$contextDepth = $application->getContextDepth();

			$vars = explode('/', trim($urlInfo, '/'));
			if (count($vars) > $contextDepth + $offset) {
				if ($isArrayComponent) {
					$component = array_slice($vars, $contextDepth + $offset);
				} else {
					$component = $vars[$contextDepth + $offset];
				}
			}
		} else {
			$component = Core::_getUserVar($urlInfo, $varName, $userVars);
		}

		if ($isArrayComponent) {
			if (empty($component)) $component = array();
			elseif (!is_array($component)) $component = array($component);
		}

		return $component;
	}
}

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