Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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<?php
/**
* @file classes/cliTool/XmlToSqlTool.inc.php
*
* Copyright (c) 2014-2019 Simon Fraser University
* Copyright (c) 2000-2019 John Willinsky
* Distributed under the GNU GPL v2. For full terms see the file docs/COPYING.
*
* @class XmlToSqlTool
* @ingroup tools
*
* @brief CLI tool to output the SQL statements corresponding to an XML database schema.
*/
import('lib.pkp.classes.db.DBDataXMLParser');
class XmlToSqlTool extends CommandLineTool {
/** @var string type of file to parse (schema or data) */
var $type;
/** @var string command to execute (print|execute|upgrade) */
var $command;
/** @var string XML file to parse */
var $inputFile;
/** @var string file to save SQL statements in */
var $outputFile;
/**
* Constructor.
* @param $argv array command-line arguments
* If specified, the first argument should be the file to parse
*/
function __construct($argv = array()) {
parent::__construct($argv);
if (isset($this->argv[0]) && in_array($this->argv[0], array('-schema', '-data'))) {
$this->type = substr($this->argv[0], 1);
$argOffset = 1;
} else {
$this->type = 'schema';
$argOffset = 0;
}
if (!isset($this->argv[$argOffset]) || !in_array($this->argv[$argOffset], array('print', 'save', 'print_upgrade', 'save_upgrade', 'execute'))) {
$this->usage();
exit(1);
}
$this->command = $this->argv[$argOffset];
$file = isset($this->argv[$argOffset+1]) ? $this->argv[$argOffset+1] : DATABASE_XML_FILE;
if (!file_exists($file) && !file_exists(($file2 = PWD . '/' . $file))) {
printf("Input file \"%s\" does not exist!\n", $file);
exit(1);
}
$this->inputFile = isset($file2) ? $file2 : $file;
$this->outputFile = isset($this->argv[$argOffset+2]) ? PWD . '/' . $this->argv[$argOffset+2] : null;
if (in_array($this->command, array('save', 'save_upgrade')) && ($this->outputFile == null || (file_exists($this->outputFile) && (is_dir($this->outputFile) || !is_writeable($this->outputFile))) || !is_writable(dirname($this->outputFile)))) {
printf("Invalid output file \"%s\"!\n", $this->outputFile);
exit(1);
}
}
/**
* Print command usage information.
*/
function usage() {
echo "Script to convert and execute XML-formatted database schema and data files\n"
. "Usage: {$this->scriptName} [-data|-schema] command [input_file] [output_file]\n"
. "Supported commands:\n"
. " print - print SQL statements\n"
. " save - save SQL statements to output_file\n"
. " print_upgrade - print upgrade SQL statements for current database\n"
. " save_upgrade - save upgrade SQL statements to output_file\n"
. " execute - execute SQL statements on current database\n";
}
/**
* Parse an XML database file and output the corresponding SQL statements.
* See lib/pkp/dtd/xmlSchema.dtd for the format of the XML files.
*/
function execute() {
require_once('./lib/pkp/lib/adodb/adodb-xmlschema.inc.php');
if (in_array($this->command, array('print', 'save'))) {
// Don't connect to actual database (so parser won't build upgrade XML)
$conn = new DBConnection(
Config::getVar('database', 'driver'),
null,
null,
null,
null,
true,
Config::getVar('i18n', 'connection_charset')
);
$dbconn = $conn->getDBConn();
} else {
// Create or upgrade existing database
$dbconn =& DBConnection::getConn();
}
$schema = new adoSchema($dbconn);
$dict =& $schema->dict;
$dict->SetCharSet(Config::getVar('i18n', 'database_charset'));
if ($this->type == 'schema') {
// Parse XML schema files
$sql = $schema->parseSchema($this->inputFile);
switch ($this->command) {
case 'execute':
$schema->ExecuteSchema();
break;
case 'save':
case 'save_upgrade':
$schema->SaveSQL($this->outputFile);
break;
case 'print':
case 'print_upgrade':
default:
echo @$schema->PrintSQL('TEXT') . "\n";
break;
}
} else if ($this->type == 'data') {
// Parse XML data files
$dataXMLParser = new DBDataXMLParser();
$dataXMLParser->setDBConn($dbconn);
$sql = $dataXMLParser->parseData($this->inputFile);
switch ($this->command) {
case 'execute':
$schema->addSQL($sql);
$schema->ExecuteSchema();
break;
case 'save':
case 'save_upgrade':
$schema->addSQL($sql);
$schema->SaveSQL($this->outputFile);
break;
case 'print':
case 'print_upgrade':
default:
$schema->addSQL($sql);
echo @$schema->PrintSQL('TEXT') . "\n";
break;
}
}
}
}
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