Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: apache2
# Required-Start: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named
# Required-Stop: $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# X-Interactive: true
# Short-Description: Apache2 web server
# Description: Start the web server
# This script will start the apache2 web server.
### END INIT INFO
DESC="Apache httpd web server"
NAME=apache2
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/$NAME
SCRIPTNAME="${0##*/}"
SCRIPTNAME="${SCRIPTNAME##[KS][0-9][0-9]}"
if [ -n "$APACHE_CONFDIR" ] ; then
if [ "${APACHE_CONFDIR##/etc/apache2-}" != "${APACHE_CONFDIR}" ] ; then
DIR_SUFFIX="${APACHE_CONFDIR##/etc/apache2-}"
else
DIR_SUFFIX=
fi
elif [ "${SCRIPTNAME##apache2-}" != "$SCRIPTNAME" ] ; then
DIR_SUFFIX="-${SCRIPTNAME##apache2-}"
APACHE_CONFDIR=/etc/apache2$DIR_SUFFIX
else
DIR_SUFFIX=
APACHE_CONFDIR=/etc/apache2
fi
if [ -z "$APACHE_ENVVARS" ] ; then
APACHE_ENVVARS=$APACHE_CONFDIR/envvars
fi
export APACHE_CONFDIR APACHE_ENVVARS
ENV="env -i LANG=C PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
if [ "$APACHE_CONFDIR" != /etc/apache2 ] ; then
ENV="$ENV APACHE_CONFDIR=$APACHE_CONFDIR"
fi
if [ "$APACHE_ENVVARS" != "$APACHE_CONFDIR/envvars" ] ; then
ENV="$ENV APACHE_ENVVARS=$APACHE_ENVVARS"
fi
PIDFILE=$(. $APACHE_ENVVARS && echo $APACHE_PID_FILE)
VERBOSE=no
if [ -f /etc/default/rcS ]; then
. /etc/default/rcS
fi
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
# Now, set defaults:
APACHE2CTL="$ENV apache2ctl"
PIDFILE=$(. $APACHE_ENVVARS && echo $APACHE_PID_FILE)
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE=""
CONFTEST_OUTFILE=
cleanup() {
if [ -n "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE" ] ; then
rm -f "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE"
fi
}
trap cleanup 0 # "0" means "EXIT", but "EXIT" is not portable
apache_conftest() {
[ -z "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE" ] || rm -f "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE"
CONFTEST_OUTFILE=$(mktemp)
if ! $APACHE2CTL configtest > "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE" 2>&1 ; then
return 1
else
rm -f "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE"
CONFTEST_OUTFILE=
return 0
fi
}
clear_error_msg() {
[ -z "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE" ] || rm -f "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE"
CONFTEST_OUTFILE=
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE=
}
print_error_msg() {
[ -z "$APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE" ] || log_warning_msg "$APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE"
if [ -n "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE" ] ; then
echo "Output of config test was:" >&2
cat "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE" >&2
rm -f "$CONFTEST_OUTFILE"
CONFTEST_OUTFILE=
fi
}
apache_wait_start() {
local STATUS=$1
local i=0
if [ $STATUS != 0 ] ; then
return $STATUS
fi
while : ; do
PIDTMP=$(pidofproc -p $PIDFILE $DAEMON)
if [ -n "${PIDTMP:-}" ] && kill -0 "${PIDTMP:-}" 2> /dev/null; then
return $STATUS
fi
if [ $i = "20" ] ; then
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE="The apache2$DIR_SUFFIX instance did not start within 20 seconds. Please read the log files to discover problems"
return 2
fi
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_progress_msg "."
sleep 1
i=$(($i+1))
done
}
apache_wait_stop() {
local STATUS=$1
local METH=$2
if [ $STATUS != 0 ] ; then
return $STATUS
fi
PIDTMP=$(pidofproc -p $PIDFILE $DAEMON)
if [ -n "${PIDTMP:-}" ] && kill -0 "${PIDTMP:-}" 2> /dev/null; then
if [ "$METH" = "kill" ]; then
killproc -p $PIDFILE $DAEMON
else
$APACHE2CTL $METH > /dev/null 2>&1
fi
local i=0
while kill -0 "${PIDTMP:-}" 2> /dev/null; do
if [ $i = '60' ]; then
STATUS=2
break
fi
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_progress_msg "."
sleep 1
i=$(($i+1))
done
return $STATUS
else
return $STATUS
fi
}
#
# Function that starts the daemon/service
#
do_start()
{
# Return
# 0 if daemon has been started
# 1 if daemon was already running
# 2 if daemon could not be started
if pidofproc -p $PIDFILE "$DAEMON" > /dev/null 2>&1 ; then
return 1
fi
if apache_conftest ; then
$APACHE2CTL start
apache_wait_start $?
return $?
else
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE="The apache2$DIR_SUFFIX configtest failed."
return 2
fi
}
#
# Function that stops the daemon/service
#
do_stop()
{
# Return
# 0 if daemon has been stopped
# 1 if daemon was already stopped
# 2 if daemon could not be stopped
# other if a failure occurred
# either "stop" or "graceful-stop"
local STOP=$1
# can't use pidofproc from LSB here
local AP_RET=0
if pidof $DAEMON > /dev/null 2>&1 ; then
if [ -e $PIDFILE ] && pidof $DAEMON | tr ' ' '\n' | grep -w $(cat $PIDFILE) > /dev/null 2>&1 ; then
AP_RET=2
else
AP_RET=1
fi
else
AP_RET=0
fi
# AP_RET is:
# 0 if Apache (whichever) is not running
# 1 if Apache (whichever) is running
# 2 if Apache from the PIDFILE is running
if [ $AP_RET = 0 ] ; then
return 1
fi
if [ $AP_RET = 2 ] && apache_conftest ; then
apache_wait_stop $? $STOP
return $?
else
if [ $AP_RET = 2 ]; then
clear_error_msg
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE="The apache2$DIR_SUFFIX configtest failed, so we are trying to kill it manually. This is almost certainly suboptimal, so please make sure your system is working as you'd expect now!"
apache_wait_stop $? "kill"
return $?
elif [ $AP_RET = 1 ] ; then
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE="There are processes named 'apache2' running which do not match your pid file which are left untouched in the name of safety, Please review the situation by hand".
return 2
fi
fi
}
#
# Function that sends a SIGHUP to the daemon/service
#
do_reload() {
if apache_conftest; then
if ! pidofproc -p $PIDFILE "$DAEMON" > /dev/null 2>&1 ; then
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE="Apache2 is not running"
return 2
fi
$APACHE2CTL graceful > /dev/null 2>&1
return $?
else
APACHE2_INIT_MESSAGE="The apache2$DIR_SUFFIX configtest failed. Not doing anything."
return 2
fi
}
# Sanity checks. They need to occur after function declarations
[ -x $DAEMON ] || exit 0
if [ ! -x $DAEMON ] ; then
echo "No apache-bin package installed"
exit 0
fi
if [ -z "$PIDFILE" ] ; then
echo ERROR: APACHE_PID_FILE needs to be defined in $APACHE_ENVVARS >&2
exit 2
fi
case "$1" in
start)
log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
do_start
RET_STATUS=$?
case "$RET_STATUS" in
0|1)
log_success_msg
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && [ $RET_STATUS = 1 ] && log_warning_msg "Server was already running"
;;
2)
log_failure_msg
print_error_msg
exit 1
;;
esac
;;
stop|graceful-stop)
log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
do_stop "$1"
RET_STATUS=$?
case "$RET_STATUS" in
0|1)
log_success_msg
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && [ $RET_STATUS = 1 ] && log_warning_msg "Server was not running"
;;
2)
log_failure_msg
print_error_msg
exit 1
;;
esac
print_error_msg
;;
status)
status_of_proc -p $PIDFILE "apache2" "$NAME"
exit $?
;;
reload|force-reload|graceful)
log_daemon_msg "Reloading $DESC" "$NAME"
do_reload
RET_STATUS=$?
case "$RET_STATUS" in
0|1)
log_success_msg
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && [ $RET_STATUS = 1 ] && log_warning_msg "Server was already running"
;;
2)
log_failure_msg
print_error_msg
exit 1
;;
esac
print_error_msg
;;
restart)
log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"
do_stop stop
case "$?" in
0|1)
do_start
case "$?" in
0)
log_end_msg 0
;;
1|*)
log_end_msg 1 # Old process is still or failed to running
print_error_msg
exit 1
;;
esac
;;
*)
# Failed to stop
log_end_msg 1
print_error_msg
exit 1
;;
esac
;;
start-htcacheclean|stop-htcacheclean)
echo "Use 'service apache-htcacheclean' instead"
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|graceful-stop|restart|reload|force-reload}" >&2
exit 3
;;
esac
exit 0
# vim: syntax=sh ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet
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