Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: sshd
# Required-Start: $remote_fs $syslog
# Required-Stop: $remote_fs $syslog
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:
# Short-Description: OpenBSD Secure Shell server
### END INIT INFO
set -e
# /etc/init.d/ssh: start and stop the OpenBSD "secure shell(tm)" daemon
test -x /usr/sbin/sshd || exit 0
( /usr/sbin/sshd -\? 2>&1 | grep -q OpenSSH ) 2>/dev/null || exit 0
umask 022
if test -f /etc/default/ssh; then
. /etc/default/ssh
fi
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
if [ -n "$2" ]; then
SSHD_OPTS="$SSHD_OPTS $2"
fi
# Are we running from init?
run_by_init() {
([ "$previous" ] && [ "$runlevel" ]) || [ "$runlevel" = S ]
}
check_for_no_start() {
# forget it if we're trying to start, and /etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run exists
if [ -e /etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run ]; then
if [ "$1" = log_end_msg ]; then
log_end_msg 0 || true
fi
if ! run_by_init; then
log_action_msg "OpenBSD Secure Shell server not in use (/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run)" || true
fi
exit 0
fi
}
check_dev_null() {
if [ ! -c /dev/null ]; then
if [ "$1" = log_end_msg ]; then
log_end_msg 1 || true
fi
if ! run_by_init; then
log_action_msg "/dev/null is not a character device!" || true
fi
exit 1
fi
}
check_privsep_dir() {
# Create the PrivSep empty dir if necessary
if [ ! -d /run/sshd ]; then
mkdir /run/sshd
chmod 0755 /run/sshd
fi
}
check_config() {
if [ ! -e /etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run ]; then
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
/usr/sbin/sshd $SSHD_OPTS -t || exit 1
fi
}
export PATH="${PATH:+$PATH:}/usr/sbin:/sbin"
case "$1" in
start)
check_privsep_dir
check_for_no_start
check_dev_null
log_daemon_msg "Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server" "sshd" || true
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
if start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --oknodo --chuid 0:0 --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd -- $SSHD_OPTS; then
log_end_msg 0 || true
else
log_end_msg 1 || true
fi
;;
stop)
log_daemon_msg "Stopping OpenBSD Secure Shell server" "sshd" || true
if start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd; then
log_end_msg 0 || true
else
log_end_msg 1 || true
fi
;;
reload|force-reload)
check_for_no_start
check_config
log_daemon_msg "Reloading OpenBSD Secure Shell server's configuration" "sshd" || true
if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal 1 --quiet --oknodo --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd; then
log_end_msg 0 || true
else
log_end_msg 1 || true
fi
;;
restart)
check_privsep_dir
check_config
log_daemon_msg "Restarting OpenBSD Secure Shell server" "sshd" || true
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry 30 --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd
check_for_no_start log_end_msg
check_dev_null log_end_msg
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
if start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --oknodo --chuid 0:0 --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd -- $SSHD_OPTS; then
log_end_msg 0 || true
else
log_end_msg 1 || true
fi
;;
try-restart)
check_privsep_dir
check_config
log_daemon_msg "Restarting OpenBSD Secure Shell server" "sshd" || true
RET=0
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry 30 --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd || RET="$?"
case $RET in
0)
# old daemon stopped
check_for_no_start log_end_msg
check_dev_null log_end_msg
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
if start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --oknodo --chuid 0:0 --pidfile /run/sshd.pid --exec /usr/sbin/sshd -- $SSHD_OPTS; then
log_end_msg 0 || true
else
log_end_msg 1 || true
fi
;;
1)
# daemon not running
log_progress_msg "(not running)" || true
log_end_msg 0 || true
;;
*)
# failed to stop
log_progress_msg "(failed to stop)" || true
log_end_msg 1 || true
;;
esac
;;
status)
status_of_proc -p /run/sshd.pid /usr/sbin/sshd sshd && exit 0 || exit $?
;;
*)
log_action_msg "Usage: /etc/init.d/ssh {start|stop|reload|force-reload|restart|try-restart|status}" || true
exit 1
esac
exit 0
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