Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/bash
#
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: mariadb
# Required-Start: $remote_fs $syslog
# Required-Stop: $remote_fs $syslog
# Should-Start: $network $named $time
# Should-Stop: $network $named $time
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: Start and stop the mysql database server daemon
# Description: Controls the main MariaDB database server daemon "mariadbd"
# and its wrapper script "mysqld_safe".
### END INIT INFO
#
set -e
set -u
${DEBIAN_SCRIPT_DEBUG:+ set -v -x}
test -x /usr/sbin/mariadbd || exit 0
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
SELF=$(cd "$(dirname $0)"; pwd -P)/$(basename $0)
if [ -x /usr/bin/mariadb-admin ]
then
MYADMIN="/usr/bin/mariadb-admin --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf"
elif [ -x /usr/bin/mysqladmin ]
then
MYADMIN="/usr/bin/mysqladmin --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf"
else
log_failure_msg "Command mariadb-admin/mysqladmin not found! This SysV init script depends on it."
exit -1
fi
# priority can be overridden and "-s" adds output to stderr
ERR_LOGGER="logger -p daemon.err -t /etc/init.d/mariadb -i"
if [ -f /etc/default/mysql ]; then
. /etc/default/mysql
fi
# Also source default/mariadb in case the installation was upgraded from
# packages originally installed from MariaDB.org repositories, which have
# had support for reading /etc/default/mariadb since March 2016.
if [ -f /etc/default/mariadb ]; then
. /etc/default/mariadb
fi
# Safeguard (relative paths, core dumps..)
cd /
umask 077
# mysqladmin likes to read /root/.my.cnf. This is usually not what I want
# as many admins e.g. only store a password without a username there and
# so break my scripts.
export HOME=/etc/mysql/
## Fetch a particular option from mysql's invocation.
#
# Usage: void mariadbd_get_param option
mariadbd_get_param() {
/usr/sbin/mariadbd --print-defaults \
| tr " " "\n" \
| grep -- "--$1" \
| tail -n 1 \
| cut -d= -f2
}
## Do some sanity checks before even trying to start mariadbd.
sanity_checks() {
# check for config file
if [ ! -r /etc/mysql/my.cnf ]; then
log_warning_msg "$0: WARNING: /etc/mysql/my.cnf cannot be read. See README.Debian.gz"
echo "WARNING: /etc/mysql/my.cnf cannot be read. See README.Debian.gz" | $ERR_LOGGER
fi
# check for diskspace shortage
datadir=`mariadbd_get_param datadir`
if LC_ALL=C BLOCKSIZE= df --portability $datadir/. | tail -n 1 | awk '{ exit ($4>4096) }'; then
log_failure_msg "$0: ERROR: The partition with $datadir is too full!"
echo "ERROR: The partition with $datadir is too full!" | $ERR_LOGGER
exit 1
fi
}
## Checks if there is a server running and if so if it is accessible.
#
# check_alive insists on a pingable server
# check_dead also fails if there is a lost mariadbd in the process list
#
# Usage: boolean mariadbd_status [check_alive|check_dead] [warn|nowarn]
mariadbd_status () {
ping_output=`$MYADMIN ping 2>&1`; ping_alive=$(( ! $? ))
ps_alive=0
pidfile=`mariadbd_get_param pid-file`
if [ -f "$pidfile" ] && ps `cat $pidfile` >/dev/null 2>&1; then ps_alive=1; fi
if [ "$1" = "check_alive" -a $ping_alive = 1 ] ||
[ "$1" = "check_dead" -a $ping_alive = 0 -a $ps_alive = 0 ]; then
return 0 # EXIT_SUCCESS
else
if [ "$2" = "warn" ]; then
echo -e "$ps_alive processes alive and '$MYADMIN ping' resulted in\n$ping_output\n" | $ERR_LOGGER -p daemon.debug
fi
return 1 # EXIT_FAILURE
fi
}
#
# main()
#
case "${1:-''}" in
'start')
sanity_checks;
# Start daemon
log_daemon_msg "Starting MariaDB database server" "mariadbd"
if mariadbd_status check_alive nowarn; then
log_progress_msg "already running"
log_end_msg 0
else
# Could be removed during boot
test -e /run/mysqld || install -m 755 -o mysql -g root -d /run/mysqld
# Start MariaDB!
/usr/bin/mysqld_safe "${@:2}" 2>&1 >/dev/null | $ERR_LOGGER &
for i in $(seq 1 "${MYSQLD_STARTUP_TIMEOUT:-30}"); do
sleep 1
if mariadbd_status check_alive nowarn ; then break; fi
log_progress_msg "."
done
if mariadbd_status check_alive warn; then
log_end_msg 0
# Now start mysqlcheck or whatever the admin wants.
output=$(/etc/mysql/debian-start)
if [ -n "$output" ]; then
log_action_msg "$output"
fi
else
log_end_msg 1
log_failure_msg "Please take a look at the syslog"
fi
fi
;;
'stop')
# * As a passwordless mysqladmin (e.g. via ~/.my.cnf) must be possible
# at least for cron, we can rely on it here, too. (although we have
# to specify it explicit as e.g. sudo environments points to the normal
# users home and not /root)
log_daemon_msg "Stopping MariaDB database server" "mariadbd"
if ! mariadbd_status check_dead nowarn; then
set +e
shutdown_out=`$MYADMIN shutdown 2>&1`; r=$?
set -e
if [ "$r" -ne 0 ]; then
log_end_msg 1
[ "$VERBOSE" != "no" ] && log_failure_msg "Error: $shutdown_out"
log_daemon_msg "Killing MariaDB database server by signal" "mariadbd"
killall -15 mariadbd
server_down=
for i in `seq 1 600`; do
sleep 1
if mariadbd_status check_dead nowarn; then server_down=1; break; fi
done
if test -z "$server_down"; then killall -9 mariadbd; fi
fi
fi
if ! mariadbd_status check_dead warn; then
log_end_msg 1
log_failure_msg "Please stop MariaDB manually and read /usr/share/doc/mariadb-server-10.5/README.Debian.gz!"
exit -1
else
log_end_msg 0
fi
;;
'restart')
set +e; $SELF stop; set -e
shift
$SELF start "${@}"
;;
'reload'|'force-reload')
log_daemon_msg "Reloading MariaDB database server" "mariadbd"
$MYADMIN reload
log_end_msg 0
;;
'status')
if mariadbd_status check_alive nowarn; then
log_action_msg "$($MYADMIN version)"
else
log_action_msg "MariaDB is stopped."
exit 3
fi
;;
'bootstrap')
# Bootstrap the cluster, start the first node
# that initiates the cluster
log_daemon_msg "Bootstrapping the cluster" "mariadbd"
$SELF start "${@:2}" --wsrep-new-cluster
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $SELF start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status"
exit 1
;;
esac
Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
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