Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh -e
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: udev
# Required-Start: mountkernfs
# Required-Stop: umountroot
# Default-Start: S
# Default-Stop: 0 6
# Short-Description: Start systemd-udevd, populate /dev and load drivers.
### END INIT INFO
PATH="/sbin:/bin"
NAME="systemd-udevd"
DAEMON="/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd"
DESC="hotplug events dispatcher"
PIDFILE="/run/udev.pid"
CTRLFILE="/run/udev/control"
OMITDIR="/run/sendsigs.omit.d"
# we need to unmount /dev/pts/ and remount it later over the devtmpfs
unmount_devpts() {
if mountpoint -q /dev/pts/; then
umount -n -l /dev/pts/
fi
if mountpoint -q /dev/shm/; then
umount -n -l /dev/shm/
fi
}
# mount a devtmpfs over /dev, if somebody did not already do it
mount_devtmpfs() {
if grep -E -q "^[^[:space:]]+ /dev devtmpfs" /proc/mounts; then
mount -n -o remount,nosuid,size=$tmpfs_size,mode=0755 -t devtmpfs devtmpfs /dev
return
fi
if ! mount -n -o nosuid,size=$tmpfs_size,mode=0755 -t devtmpfs devtmpfs /dev; then
log_failure_msg "udev requires devtmpfs support, not started"
log_end_msg 1
fi
return 0
}
create_dev_makedev() {
if [ -e /sbin/MAKEDEV ]; then
ln -sf /sbin/MAKEDEV /dev/MAKEDEV
else
ln -sf /bin/true /dev/MAKEDEV
fi
}
# shell version of /usr/bin/tty
my_tty() {
[ -x /bin/readlink ] || return 0
[ -e /proc/self/fd/0 ] || return 0
readlink --silent /proc/self/fd/0 || true
}
warn_if_interactive() {
if [ "$RUNLEVEL" = "S" -a "$PREVLEVEL" = "N" ]; then
return
fi
TTY=$(my_tty)
if [ -z "$TTY" -o "$TTY" = "/dev/console" -o "$TTY" = "/dev/null" ]; then
return
fi
printf "\n\n\nIt has been detected that the command\n\n\t$0 $*\n\n"
printf "has been run from an interactive shell.\n"
printf "It will probably not do what you expect, so this script will wait\n"
printf "60 seconds before continuing. Press ^C to stop it.\n"
printf "RUNNING THIS COMMAND IS HIGHLY DISCOURAGED!\n\n\n\n"
sleep 60
}
make_static_nodes() {
[ -e /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/modules.devname ] || return 0
[ -x /bin/kmod ] || return 0
/bin/kmod static-nodes --format=tmpfiles --output=/proc/self/fd/1 | \
while read type name mode uid gid age arg; do
[ -e $name ] && continue
case "$type" in
c|b|c!|b!) mknod -m $mode $name $type $(echo $arg | sed 's/:/ /') ;;
d|d!) mkdir $name ;;
*) echo "unparseable line ($type $name $mode $uid $gid $age $arg)" >&2 ;;
esac
if [ -x /sbin/restorecon ]; then
/sbin/restorecon $name
fi
done
}
##############################################################################
[ -x $DAEMON ] || exit 0
# defaults
tmpfs_size="10M"
if [ -e /etc/udev/udev.conf ]; then
. /etc/udev/udev.conf
fi
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
if [ ! -e /proc/filesystems ]; then
log_failure_msg "udev requires a mounted procfs, not started"
log_end_msg 1
fi
if ! grep -q '[[:space:]]devtmpfs$' /proc/filesystems; then
log_failure_msg "udev requires devtmpfs support, not started"
log_end_msg 1
fi
if [ ! -d /sys/class/ ]; then
log_failure_msg "udev requires a mounted sysfs, not started"
log_end_msg 1
fi
if [ ! -w /sys ]; then
log_warning_msg "udev does not support containers, not started"
exit 0
fi
if [ -d /sys/class/mem/null -a ! -L /sys/class/mem/null ] || \
[ -e /sys/block -a ! -e /sys/class/block ]; then
log_warning_msg "CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED must not be selected"
log_warning_msg "Booting will continue in 30 seconds but many things will be broken"
sleep 30
fi
# When modifying this script, do not forget that between the time that the
# new /dev has been mounted and udevadm trigger has been run there will be
# no /dev/null. This also means that you cannot use the "&" shell command.
case "$1" in
start)
if [ ! -e "/run/udev/" ]; then
warn_if_interactive
fi
if [ -w /sys/kernel/uevent_helper ]; then
echo > /sys/kernel/uevent_helper
fi
if ! mountpoint -q /dev/; then
unmount_devpts
mount_devtmpfs
[ -d /proc/1 ] || mount -n /proc
fi
make_static_nodes
# clean up parts of the database created by the initramfs udev
udevadm info --cleanup-db
# set the SELinux context for devices created in the initramfs
[ -x /sbin/restorecon ] && /sbin/restorecon -R /dev
log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
if start-stop-daemon --start --name $NAME --user root --quiet \
--pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --background --make-pidfile \
--notify-await; then
# prevents udevd to be killed by sendsigs (see #791944)
mkdir -p $OMITDIR
ln -sf $PIDFILE $OMITDIR/$NAME
log_end_msg $?
else
log_warning_msg $?
log_warning_msg "Waiting 15 seconds and trying to continue anyway"
sleep 15
fi
log_action_begin_msg "Synthesizing the initial hotplug events (subsystems)"
if udevadm trigger --type=subsystems --action=add; then
log_action_end_msg $?
else
log_action_end_msg $?
fi
log_action_begin_msg "Synthesizing the initial hotplug events (devices)"
if udevadm trigger --type=devices --action=add; then
log_action_end_msg $?
else
log_action_end_msg $?
fi
create_dev_makedev
# wait for the systemd-udevd childs to finish
log_action_begin_msg "Waiting for /dev to be fully populated"
if udevadm settle; then
log_action_end_msg 0
else
log_action_end_msg 0 'timeout'
fi
;;
stop)
log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
if start-stop-daemon --stop --name $NAME --user root --quiet \
--pidfile $PIDFILE --remove-pidfile --oknodo --retry 5; then
# prevents cryptsetup/dmsetup hangs (see #791944)
rm -f $CTRLFILE
log_end_msg $?
else
log_end_msg $?
fi
;;
restart)
log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
if start-stop-daemon --stop --name $NAME --user root --quiet \
--pidfile $PIDFILE --remove-pidfile --oknodo --retry 5; then
# prevents cryptsetup/dmsetup hangs (see #791944)
rm -f $CTRLFILE
log_end_msg $?
else
log_end_msg $? || true
fi
log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
if start-stop-daemon --start --name $NAME --user root --quiet \
--pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --background --make-pidfile \
--notify-await; then
# prevents udevd to be killed by sendsigs (see #791944)
mkdir -p $OMITDIR
ln -sf $PIDFILE $OMITDIR/$NAME
log_end_msg $?
else
log_end_msg $?
fi
;;
reload|force-reload)
udevadm control --reload-rules
;;
status)
status_of_proc $DAEMON $NAME && exit 0 || exit $?
;;
*)
echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/udev {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status}" >&2
exit 1
;;
esac
exit 0
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