Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /bin/sh
set -e
# grub-mkconfig helper script.
# Copyright (C) 2006,2007,2008,2009,2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#
# GRUB is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# GRUB is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with GRUB. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
prefix="/usr"
exec_prefix="/usr"
datarootdir="/usr/share"
ubuntu_recovery="0"
quiet_boot="0"
quick_boot="0"
gfxpayload_dynamic="0"
vt_handoff="0"
. "$pkgdatadir/grub-mkconfig_lib"
export TEXTDOMAIN=grub
export TEXTDOMAINDIR="${datarootdir}/locale"
CLASS="--class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os"
SUPPORTED_INITS="sysvinit:/lib/sysvinit/init systemd:/lib/systemd/systemd upstart:/sbin/upstart"
if [ "x${GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR}" = "x" ] ; then
OS=GNU/Linux
else
case ${GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR} in
Ubuntu|Kubuntu)
OS="${GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR}"
;;
*)
OS="${GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR} GNU/Linux"
;;
esac
CLASS="--class $(echo ${GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR} | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | cut -d' ' -f1|LC_ALL=C sed 's,[^[:alnum:]_],_,g') ${CLASS}"
fi
# loop-AES arranges things so that /dev/loop/X can be our root device, but
# the initrds that Linux uses don't like that.
case ${GRUB_DEVICE} in
/dev/loop/*|/dev/loop[0-9])
GRUB_DEVICE=`losetup ${GRUB_DEVICE} | sed -e "s/^[^(]*(\([^)]\+\)).*/\1/"`
# We can't cope with devices loop-mounted from files here.
case ${GRUB_DEVICE} in
/dev/*) ;;
*) exit 0 ;;
esac
;;
esac
# Default to disabling partition uuid support to maintian compatibility with
# older kernels.
GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID=${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID-true}
# btrfs may reside on multiple devices. We cannot pass them as value of root= parameter
# and mounting btrfs requires user space scanning, so force UUID in this case.
if ( [ "x${GRUB_DEVICE_UUID}" = "x" ] && [ "x${GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID}" = "x" ] ) \
|| ( [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID}" = "xtrue" ] \
&& [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID}" = "xtrue" ] ) \
|| ( ! test -e "/dev/disk/by-uuid/${GRUB_DEVICE_UUID}" \
&& ! test -e "/dev/disk/by-partuuid/${GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID}" ) \
|| ( test -e "${GRUB_DEVICE}" && uses_abstraction "${GRUB_DEVICE}" lvm ); then
LINUX_ROOT_DEVICE=${GRUB_DEVICE}
elif [ "x${GRUB_DEVICE_UUID}" = "x" ] \
|| [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID}" = "xtrue" ]; then
LINUX_ROOT_DEVICE=PARTUUID=${GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID}
else
LINUX_ROOT_DEVICE=UUID=${GRUB_DEVICE_UUID}
fi
case x"$GRUB_FS" in
xbtrfs)
rootsubvol="`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root /`"
rootsubvol="${rootsubvol#/}"
if [ "x${rootsubvol}" != x ]; then
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rootflags=subvol=${rootsubvol} ${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX}"
fi;;
xzfs)
rpool=`${grub_probe} --device ${GRUB_DEVICE} --target=fs_label 2>/dev/null || true`
bootfs="`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root / | sed -e "s,@$,,"`"
LINUX_ROOT_DEVICE="ZFS=${rpool}${bootfs%/}"
;;
esac
title_correction_code=
if [ -x /lib/recovery-mode/recovery-menu ]; then
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_RECOVERY=recovery
else
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_RECOVERY=single
fi
if [ "$ubuntu_recovery" = 1 ]; then
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_RECOVERY="$GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_RECOVERY nomodeset"
fi
if [ "$vt_handoff" = 1 ]; then
for word in $GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT; do
if [ "$word" = splash ]; then
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="$GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT \$vt_handoff"
fi
done
fi
linux_entry ()
{
os="$1"
version="$2"
type="$3"
args="$4"
if [ -z "$boot_device_id" ]; then
boot_device_id="$(grub_get_device_id "${GRUB_DEVICE}")"
fi
if [ x$type != xsimple ] ; then
case $type in
recovery)
title="$(gettext_printf "%s, with Linux %s (%s)" "${os}" "${version}" "$(gettext "${GRUB_RECOVERY_TITLE}")")" ;;
init-*)
title="$(gettext_printf "%s, with Linux %s (%s)" "${os}" "${version}" "${type#init-}")" ;;
*)
title="$(gettext_printf "%s, with Linux %s" "${os}" "${version}")" ;;
esac
if [ x"$title" = x"$GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT" ] || [ x"Previous Linux versions>$title" = x"$GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT" ]; then
replacement_title="$(echo "Advanced options for ${OS}" | sed 's,>,>>,g')>$(echo "$title" | sed 's,>,>>,g')"
quoted="$(echo "$GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT" | grub_quote)"
title_correction_code="${title_correction_code}if [ \"x\$default\" = '$quoted' ]; then default='$(echo "$replacement_title" | grub_quote)'; fi;"
grub_warn "$(gettext_printf "Please don't use old title \`%s' for GRUB_DEFAULT, use \`%s' (for versions before 2.00) or \`%s' (for 2.00 or later)" "$GRUB_ACTUAL_DEFAULT" "$replacement_title" "gnulinux-advanced-$boot_device_id>gnulinux-$version-$type-$boot_device_id")"
fi
echo "menuentry '$(echo "$title" | grub_quote)' ${CLASS} \$menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-$version-$type-$boot_device_id' {" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
else
echo "menuentry '$(echo "$os" | grub_quote)' ${CLASS} \$menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-$boot_device_id' {" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
fi
if [ "$quick_boot" = 1 ]; then
echo " recordfail" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
fi
if [ x$type != xrecovery ] ; then
save_default_entry | grub_add_tab
fi
# Use ELILO's generic "efifb" when it's known to be available.
# FIXME: We need an interface to select vesafb in case efifb can't be used.
if [ "x$GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX" = x ]; then
echo " load_video" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
else
if [ "x$GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX" != xtext ]; then
echo " load_video" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
fi
fi
if ([ "$ubuntu_recovery" = 0 ] || [ x$type != xrecovery ]) && \
([ "x$GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX" != x ] || [ "$gfxpayload_dynamic" = 1 ]); then
echo " gfxmode \$linux_gfx_mode" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
fi
echo " insmod gzio" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
echo " if [ x\$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
if [ x$dirname = x/ ]; then
if [ -z "${prepare_root_cache}" ]; then
prepare_root_cache="$(prepare_grub_to_access_device ${GRUB_DEVICE} | grub_add_tab)"
fi
printf '%s\n' "${prepare_root_cache}" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
else
if [ -z "${prepare_boot_cache}" ]; then
prepare_boot_cache="$(prepare_grub_to_access_device ${GRUB_DEVICE_BOOT} | grub_add_tab)"
fi
printf '%s\n' "${prepare_boot_cache}" | sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/"
fi
if [ x"$quiet_boot" = x0 ] || [ x"$type" != xsimple ]; then
message="$(gettext_printf "Loading Linux %s ..." ${version})"
sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/" << EOF
echo '$(echo "$message" | grub_quote)'
EOF
fi
if test -d /sys/firmware/efi && test -e "${linux}.efi.signed"; then
sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/" << EOF
linux ${rel_dirname}/${basename}.efi.signed root=${linux_root_device_thisversion} ro ${args}
EOF
else
sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/" << EOF
linux ${rel_dirname}/${basename} root=${linux_root_device_thisversion} ro ${args}
EOF
fi
if test -n "${initrd}" ; then
# TRANSLATORS: ramdisk isn't identifier. Should be translated.
if [ x"$quiet_boot" = x0 ] || [ x"$type" != xsimple ]; then
message="$(gettext_printf "Loading initial ramdisk ...")"
sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/" << EOF
echo '$(echo "$message" | grub_quote)'
EOF
fi
initrd_path=
for i in ${initrd}; do
initrd_path="${initrd_path} ${rel_dirname}/${i}"
done
sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/" << EOF
initrd $(echo $initrd_path)
EOF
fi
sed "s/^/$submenu_indentation/" << EOF
}
EOF
}
machine=`uname -m`
case "x$machine" in
xi?86 | xx86_64)
list=
for i in /boot/vmlinuz-* /vmlinuz-* /boot/kernel-* ; do
if grub_file_is_not_garbage "$i" ; then list="$list $i" ; fi
done ;;
*)
list=
for i in /boot/vmlinuz-* /boot/vmlinux-* /vmlinuz-* /vmlinux-* /boot/kernel-* ; do
if grub_file_is_not_garbage "$i" ; then list="$list $i" ; fi
done ;;
esac
case "$machine" in
i?86) GENKERNEL_ARCH="x86" ;;
mips|mips64) GENKERNEL_ARCH="mips" ;;
mipsel|mips64el) GENKERNEL_ARCH="mipsel" ;;
arm*) GENKERNEL_ARCH="arm" ;;
*) GENKERNEL_ARCH="$machine" ;;
esac
prepare_boot_cache=
prepare_root_cache=
boot_device_id=
title_correction_code=
cat << 'EOF'
function gfxmode {
set gfxpayload="${1}"
EOF
if [ "$vt_handoff" = 1 ]; then
cat << 'EOF'
if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7
else
set vt_handoff=
fi
EOF
fi
cat << EOF
}
EOF
# Use ELILO's generic "efifb" when it's known to be available.
# FIXME: We need an interface to select vesafb in case efifb can't be used.
if [ "x$GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX" != x ] || [ "$gfxpayload_dynamic" = 0 ]; then
echo "set linux_gfx_mode=$GRUB_GFXPAYLOAD_LINUX"
else
cat << EOF
if [ "\${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
if [ -e \${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
if hwmatch \${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
if [ \${match} = 0 ]; then
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=keep
fi
else
set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
EOF
fi
cat << EOF
export linux_gfx_mode
EOF
# Extra indentation to add to menu entries in a submenu. We're not in a submenu
# yet, so it's empty. In a submenu it will be equal to '\t' (one tab).
submenu_indentation=""
is_top_level=true
while [ "x$list" != "x" ] ; do
linux=`version_find_latest $list`
case $linux in
*.efi.signed)
# We handle these in linux_entry.
list=`echo $list | tr ' ' '\n' | grep -vx $linux | tr '\n' ' '`
continue
;;
esac
gettext_printf "Found linux image: %s\n" "$linux" >&2
basename=`basename $linux`
dirname=`dirname $linux`
rel_dirname=`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root $dirname`
version=`echo $basename | sed -e "s,^[^0-9]*-,,g"`
alt_version=`echo $version | sed -e "s,\.old$,,g"`
linux_root_device_thisversion="${LINUX_ROOT_DEVICE}"
initrd_early=
for i in ${GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_STOCK} \
${GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_CUSTOM}; do
if test -e "${dirname}/${i}" ; then
initrd_early="${initrd_early} ${i}"
fi
done
initrd_real=
for i in "initrd.img-${version}" "initrd-${version}.img" "initrd-${version}.gz" \
"initrd-${version}" "initramfs-${version}.img" \
"initrd.img-${alt_version}" "initrd-${alt_version}.img" \
"initrd-${alt_version}" "initramfs-${alt_version}.img" \
"initramfs-genkernel-${version}" \
"initramfs-genkernel-${alt_version}" \
"initramfs-genkernel-${GENKERNEL_ARCH}-${version}" \
"initramfs-genkernel-${GENKERNEL_ARCH}-${alt_version}"; do
if test -e "${dirname}/${i}" ; then
initrd_real="${i}"
break
fi
done
initrd=
if test -n "${initrd_early}" || test -n "${initrd_real}"; then
initrd="${initrd_early} ${initrd_real}"
initrd_display=
for i in ${initrd}; do
initrd_display="${initrd_display} ${dirname}/${i}"
done
gettext_printf "Found initrd image: %s\n" "$(echo $initrd_display)" >&2
fi
config=
for i in "${dirname}/config-${version}" "${dirname}/config-${alt_version}" "/etc/kernels/kernel-config-${version}" ; do
if test -e "${i}" ; then
config="${i}"
break
fi
done
initramfs=
if test -n "${config}" ; then
initramfs=`grep CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE= "${config}" | cut -f2 -d= | tr -d \"`
fi
if test -z "${initramfs}" && test -z "${initrd_real}" ; then
# "UUID=" and "ZFS=" magic is parsed by initrd or initramfs. Since there's
# no initrd or builtin initramfs, it can't work here.
if [ "x${GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID}" = "x" ] \
|| [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_PARTUUID}" = "xtrue" ]; then
linux_root_device_thisversion=${GRUB_DEVICE}
else
linux_root_device_thisversion=PARTUUID=${GRUB_DEVICE_PARTUUID}
fi
fi
# The GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU option used to be different than others since it was
# mentioned in the documentation that has to be set to 'y' instead of 'true' to
# enable it. This caused a lot of confusion to users that set the option to 'y',
# 'yes' or 'true'. This was fixed but all of these values must be supported now.
if [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU}" = xyes ] || [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU}" = xy ]; then
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU="true"
fi
if [ "x$is_top_level" = xtrue ] && [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU}" != xtrue ]; then
linux_entry "${OS}" "${version}" simple \
"${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX} ${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT}"
submenu_indentation="$grub_tab"
if [ -z "$boot_device_id" ]; then
boot_device_id="$(grub_get_device_id "${GRUB_DEVICE}")"
fi
# TRANSLATORS: %s is replaced with an OS name
echo "submenu '$(gettext_printf "Advanced options for %s" "${OS}" | grub_quote)' \$menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-$boot_device_id' {"
is_top_level=false
fi
linux_entry "${OS}" "${version}" advanced \
"${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX} ${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT}"
for supported_init in ${SUPPORTED_INITS}; do
init_path="${supported_init#*:}"
if [ -x "${init_path}" ] && [ "$(readlink -f /sbin/init)" != "$(readlink -f "${init_path}")" ]; then
linux_entry "${OS}" "${version}" "init-${supported_init%%:*}" \
"${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX} ${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT} init=${init_path}"
fi
done
if [ "x${GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY}" != "xtrue" ]; then
linux_entry "${OS}" "${version}" recovery \
"${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_RECOVERY} ${GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX}"
fi
list=`echo $list | tr ' ' '\n' | fgrep -vx "$linux" | tr '\n' ' '`
done
# If at least one kernel was found, then we need to
# add a closing '}' for the submenu command.
if [ x"$is_top_level" != xtrue ]; then
echo '}'
fi
echo "$title_correction_code"
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