Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /bin/sh
set -e
# grub-mkconfig helper script.
# Copyright (C) 2006,2007,2008,2009,2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#
# GRUB is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# GRUB is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with GRUB. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
prefix="/usr"
exec_prefix="/usr"
datarootdir="/usr/share"
grub_lang=`echo $LANG | cut -d . -f 1`
grubdir="`echo "/boot/grub" | sed 's,//*,/,g'`"
quick_boot="0"
export TEXTDOMAIN=grub
export TEXTDOMAINDIR="${datarootdir}/locale"
. "$pkgdatadir/grub-mkconfig_lib"
# Do this as early as possible, since other commands might depend on it.
# (e.g. the `loadfont' command might need lvm or raid modules)
for i in ${GRUB_PRELOAD_MODULES} ; do
echo "insmod $i"
done
if [ "x${GRUB_DEFAULT}" = "x" ] ; then GRUB_DEFAULT=0 ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_DEFAULT}" = "xsaved" ] ; then GRUB_DEFAULT='${saved_entry}' ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_TIMEOUT}" = "x" ] ; then GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_GFXMODE}" = "x" ] ; then GRUB_GFXMODE=auto ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON}" = "x" ] ; then GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON="$GRUB_DEFAULT" ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON}" = "xsaved" ] ; then GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON='${saved_entry}' ; fi
if [ "x${GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}" = "x" ] ; then GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON="$GRUB_TIMEOUT" ; fi
cat << EOF
if [ -s \$prefix/grubenv ]; then
set have_grubenv=true
load_env
fi
EOF
if [ "x$GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS" != "x" ]; then
cat <<EOF
if cmostest $GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS ; then
set default="${GRUB_DEFAULT_BUTTON}"
elif [ "\${next_entry}" ] ; then
set default="\${next_entry}"
set next_entry=
save_env next_entry
set boot_once=true
else
set default="${GRUB_DEFAULT}"
fi
EOF
else
cat <<EOF
if [ "\${next_entry}" ] ; then
set default="\${next_entry}"
set next_entry=
save_env next_entry
set boot_once=true
else
set default="${GRUB_DEFAULT}"
fi
EOF
fi
cat <<EOF
if [ x"\${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
menuentry_id_option=""
fi
export menuentry_id_option
if [ "\${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
set saved_entry="\${prev_saved_entry}"
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z "\${boot_once}" ]; then
saved_entry="\${chosen}"
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
EOF
if [ "$quick_boot" = 1 ]; then
cat <<EOF
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
EOF
check_writable () {
abstractions="$(grub-probe --target=abstraction "${grubdir}")"
for abstraction in $abstractions; do
case "$abstraction" in
diskfilter | lvm)
cat <<EOF
# GRUB lacks write support for $abstraction, so recordfail support is disabled.
EOF
return 1
;;
esac
done
FS="$(grub-probe --target=fs "${grubdir}")"
case "$FS" in
btrfs | cpiofs | newc | odc | romfs | squash4 | tarfs | zfs)
cat <<EOF
# GRUB lacks write support for $FS, so recordfail support is disabled.
EOF
return 1
;;
esac
cat <<EOF
if [ -n "\${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "\${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
EOF
}
if ! check_writable; then
recordfail_broken=1
fi
cat <<EOF
}
EOF
fi
cat <<EOF
function load_video {
EOF
if [ -n "${GRUB_VIDEO_BACKEND}" ]; then
cat <<EOF
insmod ${GRUB_VIDEO_BACKEND}
EOF
else
# If all_video.mod isn't available load all modules available
# with versions prior to introduction of all_video.mod
cat <<EOF
if [ x\$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
insmod all_video
else
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod ieee1275_fb
insmod vbe
insmod vga
insmod video_bochs
insmod video_cirrus
fi
EOF
fi
cat <<EOF
}
EOF
serial=0;
gfxterm=0;
for x in ${GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT} ${GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT}; do
if [ xserial = "x$x" ]; then
serial=1;
fi
if [ xgfxterm = "x$x" ]; then
gfxterm=1;
fi
done
if [ "x$serial" = x1 ]; then
if [ "x${GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND}" = "x" ] ; then
grub_warn "$(gettext "Requested serial terminal but GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND is unspecified. Default parameters will be used.")"
GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND=serial
fi
echo "${GRUB_SERIAL_COMMAND}"
fi
if [ "x$gfxterm" = x1 ]; then
if [ -n "$GRUB_FONT" ] ; then
# Make the font accessible
prepare_grub_to_access_device `${grub_probe} --target=device "${GRUB_FONT}"`
cat << EOF
if loadfont `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "${GRUB_FONT}"` ; then
EOF
else
for dir in "${pkgdatadir}" "`echo '/boot/grub' | sed "s,//*,/,g"`" /usr/share/grub ; do
for basename in unicode unifont ascii; do
path="${dir}/${basename}.pf2"
if is_path_readable_by_grub "${path}" > /dev/null ; then
font_path="${path}"
else
continue
fi
break 2
done
done
if [ -n "${font_path}" ] ; then
cat << EOF
if [ x\$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then
font=unicode
else
EOF
# Make the font accessible
prepare_grub_to_access_device `${grub_probe} --target=device "${font_path}"`
cat << EOF
font="`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "${font_path}"`"
fi
if loadfont \$font ; then
EOF
else
cat << EOF
if loadfont unicode ; then
EOF
fi
fi
cat << EOF
set gfxmode=${GRUB_GFXMODE}
load_video
insmod gfxterm
EOF
# Gettext variables and module
if [ "x${LANG}" != "xC" ] && [ "x${LANG}" != "x" ]; then
cat << EOF
set locale_dir=\$prefix/locale
set lang=${grub_lang}
insmod gettext
EOF
fi
cat <<EOF
fi
EOF
fi
case x${GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT} in
x)
# Just use the native terminal
;;
x*)
cat << EOF
terminal_input ${GRUB_TERMINAL_INPUT}
EOF
;;
esac
case x${GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT} in
x)
# Just use the native terminal
;;
x*)
cat << EOF
terminal_output ${GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT}
EOF
;;
esac
if [ "x$gfxterm" = x1 ]; then
if [ "x$GRUB_THEME" != x ] && [ -f "$GRUB_THEME" ] \
&& is_path_readable_by_grub "$GRUB_THEME"; then
gettext_printf "Found theme: %s\n" "$GRUB_THEME" >&2
prepare_grub_to_access_device `${grub_probe} --target=device "$GRUB_THEME"`
cat << EOF
insmod gfxmenu
EOF
themedir="`dirname "$GRUB_THEME"`"
for x in "$themedir"/*.pf2 "$themedir"/f/*.pf2; do
if [ -f "$x" ]; then
cat << EOF
loadfont (\$root)`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root $x`
EOF
fi
done
if [ x"`echo "$themedir"/*.jpg`" != x"$themedir/*.jpg" ] || [ x"`echo "$themedir"/*.jpeg`" != x"$themedir/*.jpeg" ]; then
cat << EOF
insmod jpeg
EOF
fi
if [ x"`echo "$themedir"/*.png`" != x"$themedir/*.png" ]; then
cat << EOF
insmod png
EOF
fi
if [ x"`echo "$themedir"/*.tga`" != x"$themedir/*.tga" ]; then
cat << EOF
insmod tga
EOF
fi
cat << EOF
set theme=(\$root)`make_system_path_relative_to_its_root $GRUB_THEME`
export theme
EOF
elif [ "x$GRUB_BACKGROUND" != x ] && [ -f "$GRUB_BACKGROUND" ] \
&& is_path_readable_by_grub "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"; then
gettext_printf "Found background: %s\n" "$GRUB_BACKGROUND" >&2
case "$GRUB_BACKGROUND" in
*.png) reader=png ;;
*.tga) reader=tga ;;
*.jpg|*.jpeg) reader=jpeg ;;
*) gettext "Unsupported image format" >&2; echo >&2; exit 1 ;;
esac
prepare_grub_to_access_device `${grub_probe} --target=device "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"`
cat << EOF
insmod $reader
background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"`
EOF
fi
fi
make_timeout ()
{
cat << EOF
if [ "\${recordfail}" = 1 ] ; then
set timeout=${GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT:-30}
else
EOF
if [ "x${3}" != "x" ] ; then
timeout="${2}"
style="${3}"
elif [ "x${1}" != "x" ] && \
([ "$quick_boot" = 1 ] || [ "x${1}" != "x0" ]) ; then
# Handle the deprecated GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT scheme.
timeout="${1}"
if [ "x${2}" != "x0" ] ; then
grub_warn "$(gettext "Setting GRUB_TIMEOUT to a non-zero value when GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT is set is no longer supported.")"
fi
if [ "x${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET}" = "xtrue" ] ; then
style="hidden"
verbose=
else
style="countdown"
verbose=" --verbose"
fi
else
# No hidden timeout, so treat as GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu
timeout="${2}"
style="menu"
fi
cat << EOF
if [ x\$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
set timeout_style=${style}
set timeout=${timeout}
EOF
if [ "x${style}" = "xmenu" ] ; then
cat << EOF
# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
else
set timeout=${timeout}
EOF
else
cat << EOF
# Fallback hidden-timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
elif sleep${verbose} --interruptible ${timeout} ; then
set timeout=0
EOF
fi
cat << EOF
fi
fi
EOF
if [ "$recordfail_broken" = 1 ]; then
cat << EOF
if [ \$grub_platform = efi ]; then
set timeout=${GRUB_RECORDFAIL_TIMEOUT:-30}
if [ x\$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
set timeout_style=menu
fi
fi
EOF
fi
}
if [ "x$GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS" != "x" ]; then
cat <<EOF
if cmostest $GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS ; then
EOF
make_timeout "${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT_BUTTON}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE_BUTTON}"
echo else
make_timeout "${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE}"
echo fi
else
make_timeout "${GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT}" "${GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE}"
fi
if [ "x$GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS" != "x" ] && [ "x$GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_CLEAN" = "xyes" ]; then
cat <<EOF
cmosclean $GRUB_BUTTON_CMOS_ADDRESS
EOF
fi
# Play an initial tune
if [ "x${GRUB_INIT_TUNE}" != "x" ] ; then
echo "play ${GRUB_INIT_TUNE}"
fi
if [ "x${GRUB_BADRAM}" != "x" ] ; then
echo "badram ${GRUB_BADRAM}"
fi
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