Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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# Author: Jamie Strandboge <jamie@canonical.com>
#include <tunables/global>
/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine (attach_disconnected) {
# Include any additional files that snapd chose to generate.
# - for $HOME on NFS
# - for $HOME on encrypted media
#
# Those are discussed on https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/snapd-vs-upstream-kernel-vs-apparmor
# and https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/snaps-and-nfs-home/
#include "/var/lib/snapd/apparmor/snap-confine"
# We run privileged, so be fanatical about what we include and don't use
# any abstractions
/etc/ld.so.cache r,
/etc/ld.so.preload r,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}ld-*.so mrix,
# libc, you are funny
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libc{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libpthread{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libreadline{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}librt{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libgcc_s.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libncursesw{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libresolv{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libselinux.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libpcre{,2}{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libmount.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libblkid.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libuuid.so* mr,
# normal libs in order
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libapparmor.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libcgmanager.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libdl{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnih.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnih-dbus.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libdbus-1.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libudev.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libseccomp.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libcap.so* mr,
/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine mr,
# This rule is needed when executing from a "base: core" devmode snap on
# UC18 and newer where the /usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine inside the
# "base: core" mount namespace always comes from the snapd snap, and thus
# we will execute snap-confine via this path, and thus need to be able to
# read this path when executing. It's also necessary on classic where both
# the snapd and the core snap are installed at the same time.
# TODO: remove this rule when we stop supporting executing other snaps from
# inside devmode snaps, ideally even in the short term we would only include
# this rule on core only, and specifically uc18 and newer where we need it
#@VERBATIM_LIBEXECDIR_SNAP_CONFINE@ mr,
/dev/null rw,
/dev/full rw,
/dev/zero rw,
/dev/random r,
/dev/urandom r,
/dev/pts/[0-9]* rw,
/dev/tty rw,
# cgroup: devices
capability sys_admin,
capability dac_read_search,
capability dac_override,
/sys/fs/cgroup/ r,
/sys/fs/cgroup/devices/ r,
/sys/fs/cgroup/devices/snap.*/ rw,
/sys/fs/cgroup/devices/snap.*/cgroup.procs w,
/sys/fs/cgroup/devices/snap.*/devices.{allow,deny} w,
# cgroup: freezer
# Allow creating per-snap cgroup freezers and adding snap command (task)
# invocations to the freezer. This allows for reliably enumerating all
# running processes for the snap. In addition, allow enumerating processes
# in the cgroup to determine if it is occupied.
/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/ r,
/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/snap.*/ w,
/sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/snap.*/cgroup.procs rw,
# querying udev
/etc/udev/udev.conf r,
/sys/**/uevent r,
/run/udev/** rw,
/{,usr/}bin/tr ixr,
/usr/lib/locale/** r,
/usr/lib/@{multiarch}/gconv/gconv-modules r,
/usr/lib/@{multiarch}/gconv/gconv-modules.cache r,
# priv dropping
capability setuid,
capability setgid,
# changing profile
@{PROC}/[0-9]*/attr/{,apparmor/}exec w,
# Reading current profile
@{PROC}/[0-9]*/attr/{,apparmor/}current r,
# Reading available filesystems
@{PROC}/filesystems r,
# To find where apparmor is mounted
@{PROC}/[0-9]*/mounts r,
# To find if apparmor is enabled
/sys/module/apparmor/parameters/enabled r,
# Don't allow changing profile to unconfined or profiles that start with
# '/'. Use 'unsafe' to support snap-exec on armhf and its reliance on
# the environment for determining the capabilities of the architecture.
# 'unsafe' is ok here because the kernel will have already cleared the
# environment as part of launching snap-confine with CAP_SYS_ADMIN. This
# does leave directories as configured by ld.so.preload as well as
# LD_PRELOAD to be set to a library which is in a directory configured by
# ld.so.conf, but access to those locations is mediated by this profile
# (which requires rules for specific locations).
change_profile unsafe /** -> [^u/]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> u[^n]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> un[^c]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unc[^o]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unco[^n]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> uncon[^f]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unconf[^i]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unconfi[^n]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unconfin[^e]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unconfine[^d]**,
change_profile unsafe /** -> unconfined?**,
# allow changing to a few not caught above
change_profile unsafe /** -> {u,un,unc,unco,uncon,unconf,unconfi,unconfin,unconfine},
# LP: #1446794 - when this bug is fixed, change the above to:
# deny change_profile unsafe /** -> {unconfined,/**},
# change_profile unsafe /** -> **,
# reading seccomp filters
/{tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,}var/lib/snapd/seccomp/bpf/*.bin r,
# LP: #1668659 and parallel instaces of classic snaps
mount options=(rw rbind) /snap/ -> /snap/,
mount options=(rw rshared) -> /snap/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/lib/snapd/snap/ -> /var/lib/snapd/snap/,
mount options=(rw rshared) -> /var/lib/snapd/snap/,
# boostrapping the mount namespace
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/ rw,
mount options=(rw rshared) -> /,
mount options=(rw bind) /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
mount options=(rw unbindable) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
# the next line is for classic system
mount options=(rw rbind) /snap/*/*/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
# the next line is for core system
mount options=(rw rbind) / -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
# all of the constructed rootfs is a rslave
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
# bidirectional mounts (for both classic and core)
# NOTE: this doesn't capture the MERGED_USR configuration option so that
# when a distro with merged /usr and / that uses apparmor shows up it
# should be handled here.
/{,run/}media/ w,
mount options=(rw rbind) /{,run/}media/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/{,run/}media/,
/run/netns/ w,
mount options=(rw rbind) /run/netns/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/run/netns/,
# unidirectional mounts (only for classic system)
mount options=(rw rbind) /dev/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/dev/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/dev/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /etc/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /home/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/home/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/home/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /root/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/root/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/root/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /proc/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/proc/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/proc/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /sys/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/sys/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/sys/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /tmp/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/tmp/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/tmp/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/lib/dhcp/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/dhcp/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/dhcp/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/lib/snapd/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/snap/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/snap/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/snap/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/tmp/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/tmp/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/tmp/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /run/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/run/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/run/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/lib/extrausers/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/extrausers/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/extrausers/,
mount options=(rw rbind) {,/usr}/lib{,32,64,x32}/modules/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*{,/usr}/lib/modules/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*{,/usr}/lib/modules/,
mount options=(rw rbind) {,/usr}/lib{,32,64,x32}/firmware/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*{,/usr}/lib/firmware/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*{,/usr}/lib/firmware/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/log/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/log/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/log/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /usr/src/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/src/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/src/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /mnt/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/mnt/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/mnt/,
# allow making host snap-exec available inside base snaps
mount options=(rw bind) /usr/lib/snapd/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/lib/snapd/,
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/lib/snapd/,
# allow making re-execed host snap-exec available inside base snaps
mount options=(ro bind) /snap/core/*/usr/lib/snapd/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/lib/snapd/,
# allow making snapd snap tools available inside base snaps
mount options=(ro bind) /snap/snapd/*/usr/lib/snapd/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/lib/snapd/,
mount options=(rw bind) /usr/bin/snapctl -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/bin/snapctl,
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/usr/bin/snapctl,
# /etc/alternatives (classic and normal mode)
mount options=(rw bind) /snap/*/*/etc/alternatives/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/alternatives/,
mount options=(rw bind) /snap/*/*/etc/ssl/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/ssl/,
mount options=(rw bind) /snap/*/*/etc/nsswitch.conf -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/nsswitch.conf,
mount options=(rw bind) /snap/*/*/etc/apparmor/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/apparmor/,
mount options=(rw bind) /snap/*/*/etc/apparmor.d/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/apparmor.d/,
# /etc/alternatives (core/legacy mode)
mount options=(rw bind) /etc/alternatives/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/alternatives/,
# making all those directories slave shared.
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/alternatives/,
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/ssl/,
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/nsswitch.conf,
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/apparmor/,
mount options=(rw slave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/etc/apparmor.d/,
# the /snap directory
mount options=(rw rbind) /snap/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/snap/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/snap/,
# pivot_root preparation and execution
mount options=(rw bind) /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/,
mount options=(rw private) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/,
# pivot_root mediation in AppArmor is not complete. See LP: #1791711.
# However, we can mediate the new_root and put_old to be what we expect,
# and then deny directory creation within old_root to prevent trivial
# pivoting into a whitelisted path.
pivot_root oldroot=/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/ /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
# Explicitly deny creating the old_root directory in case it is
# inadvertently added somewhere else. While this doesn't resolve
# LP: #1791711, it provides some hardening.
audit deny /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/{var/,var/lib/,var/lib/snapd/,var/lib/snapd/hostfs/} w,
# cleanup
umount /var/lib/snapd/hostfs/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,
umount /var/lib/snapd/hostfs/sys/,
umount /var/lib/snapd/hostfs/dev/,
umount /var/lib/snapd/hostfs/proc/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /var/lib/snapd/hostfs/,
# Hide /writable from view of snaps.
mount options=(rprivate) -> /{,var/lib/snapd/hostfs/}writable/,
umount /{,var/lib/snapd/hostfs/}writable/,
# set up user mount namespace
mount options=(rslave) -> /,
# set up mount namespace for parallel instances of classic snaps
mount options=(rw rbind) /snap/{,*/} -> /snap/{,*/},
mount options=(rslave) -> /snap/,
mount options=(rslave) -> /var/snap/,
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/snap/{,*/} -> /var/snap/{,*/},
mount options=(rw rshared) -> /var/snap/,
# Allow reading the os-release file (possibly a symlink to /usr/lib).
/{etc/,usr/lib/}os-release r,
# Allow creating /var/lib/snapd/hostfs, if missing
/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/ rw,
# set up snap-specific private /tmp dir
capability chown,
/tmp/ rw,
/tmp/snap-private-tmp/ rw,
/tmp/snap-private-tmp/snap.*/ rw,
/tmp/snap-private-tmp/snap.*/tmp/ rw,
mount options=(rw private) -> /tmp/,
mount options=(rw bind) /tmp/snap-private-tmp/snap.*/tmp/ -> /tmp/,
mount fstype=devpts options=(rw) devpts -> /dev/pts/,
mount options=(rw bind) /dev/pts/ptmx -> /dev/ptmx, # for bind mounting
mount options=(rw bind) /dev/pts/ptmx -> /dev/pts/ptmx, # for bind mounting under LXD
# Workaround for LP: #1584456 on older kernels that mistakenly think
# /dev/pts/ptmx needs a trailing '/'
mount options=(rw bind) /dev/pts/ptmx/ -> /dev/ptmx/,
mount options=(rw bind) /dev/pts/ptmx/ -> /dev/pts/ptmx/,
# for running snaps on classic
/snap/ r,
/snap/** r,
/snap/ r,
/snap/** r,
# NOTE: at this stage the /snap directory is stable as we have called
# pivot_root already.
# nvidia handling, glob needs /usr/** and the launcher must be
# able to bind mount the nvidia dir
/sys/module/nvidia/version r,
/sys/**/drivers/nvidia{,_*}/* r,
/sys/**/nvidia*/uevent r,
/sys/module/nvidia{,_*}/* r,
/dev/nvidia[0-9]* r,
/dev/nvidiactl r,
/dev/nvidia-uvm r,
/usr/** r,
mount options=(rw bind) /usr/lib{,32}/nvidia-*/ -> /{tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,}var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/,
mount options=(rw bind) /usr/lib{,32}/nvidia-*/ -> /{tmp/snap.rootfs_*/,}var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/{,*} w,
mount fstype=tmpfs options=(rw nodev noexec) none -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/,
mount options=(remount ro bind) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/,
# Vulkan support
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/vulkan/{,*} w,
mount fstype=tmpfs options=(rw nodev noexec) none -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/vulkan/,
mount options=(remount ro bind) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/vulkan/,
# GLVND EGL vendor
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/glvnd/{,*} w,
mount fstype=tmpfs options=(rw nodev noexec) none -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/glvnd/,
mount options=(remount ro bind) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/glvnd/,
# create gl dirs as needed
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/gl{,32}/** rw,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/vulkan/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/vulkan/** rw,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/glvnd/ r,
/tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/snapd/lib/glvnd/** rw,
# for chroot on steroids, we use pivot_root as a better chroot that makes
# apparmor rules behave the same on classic and outside of classic.
# for creating the user data directories: ~/snap, ~/snap/<name> and
# ~/snap/<name>/<version>
/ r,
@{HOMEDIRS}/ r,
# These should both have 'owner' match but due to LP: #1466234, we can't
# yet
@{HOME}/ r,
@{HOME}/snap/{,*/,*/*/} rw,
# Special case for *classic* snaps that are used by users with existing dirs
# in /var/lib/. Like jenkins, postgresql, mysql, puppet, ...
# (see https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/9717)
# TODO: this can be removed once we support home-dirs outside of /home
# better
/var/ r,
/var/lib/ r,
# These should both have 'owner' match but due to LP: #1466234, we can't
# yet
/var/lib/*/ r,
/var/lib/*/snap/{,*/,*/*/} rw,
# for creating the user shared memory directories
/{dev,run}/{,shm/} r,
# This should both have 'owner' match but due to LP: #1466234, we can't yet
/{dev,run}/shm/{,*/,*/*/} rw,
# for creating the user XDG_RUNTIME_DIR: /run/user, /run/user/UID and
# /run/user/UID/<name>
/run/user/{,[0-9]*/,[0-9]*/*/} rw,
# Workaround https://launchpad.net/bugs/359338 until upstream handles
# stacked filesystems generally.
# encrypted ~/.Private and old-style encrypted $HOME
@{HOME}/.Private/ r,
@{HOME}/.Private/** mrwlk,
# new-style encrypted $HOME
@{HOMEDIRS}/.ecryptfs/*/.Private/ r,
@{HOMEDIRS}/.ecryptfs/*/.Private/** mrwlk,
# Allow snap-confine to move to the void, creating it if necessary.
/var/lib/snapd/void/ rw,
# Allow snap-confine to read snap contexts
/var/lib/snapd/context/snap.* r,
# Allow snap-confine to unmount stale mount namespaces.
umount /run/snapd/ns/*.mnt,
/run/snapd/ns/snap.*.fstab w,
# Allow snap-confine to read and write mount namespace information files.
/run/snapd/ns/snap.*.info rw,
# Required to correctly unmount bound mount namespace.
# See LP: #1735459 for details.
umount /,
# support for locking
/run/snapd/lock/ rw,
/run/snapd/lock/*.lock rwk,
# support for the mount namespace sharing
capability sys_ptrace,
# allow snap-confine to read /proc/1/ns/mnt
ptrace read peer=unconfined,
# https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/custom-kernel-error-on-readlinkat-in-mount-namespace/6097/21
ptrace trace peer=unconfined,
mount options=(rw rbind) /run/snapd/ns/ -> /run/snapd/ns/,
mount options=(private) -> /run/snapd/ns/,
/ rw,
/run/ rw,
/run/snapd/ rw,
/run/snapd/ns/ rw,
/run/snapd/ns/*.lock rwk,
/run/snapd/ns/*.mnt rw,
ptrace (read, readby, tracedby) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine//mount-namespace-capture-helper,
@{PROC}/*/mountinfo r,
capability sys_chroot,
capability sys_admin,
signal (send, receive) set=(abrt) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine,
signal (send) set=(int) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine//mount-namespace-capture-helper,
signal (send, receive) set=(int, alrm, exists) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine,
signal (receive) set=(exists) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine//mount-namespace-capture-helper,
# workaround for linux 4.13/upstream, see
# https://forum.snapcraft.io/t/snapd-2-27-6-2-in-debian-sid-blocked-on-apparmor-in-kernel-4-13-0-1/2813/3
ptrace (trace, tracedby) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine,
# Allow reading snap cookies.
/var/lib/snapd/cookie/snap.* r,
# For aa_change_hat() to go into ^mount-namespace-capture-helper
@{PROC}/[0-9]*/attr/{,apparmor/}current w,
# As a special exception allow snap-confine to write to anything in /var/lib.
# This code should be changed to allow delegation so that snap-confine can
# inherit any file descriptor and pass it to the invoked application but
# this is not possible in apparmor yet.
# See https://bugs.launchpad.net/snapd/+bug/1815869
/var/lib/** rw,
^mount-namespace-capture-helper (attach_disconnected) {
# We run privileged, so be fanatical about what we include and don't use
# any abstractions
/etc/ld.so.cache r,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}ld-*.so mrix,
# libc, you are funny
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libc{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libpthread{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libreadline{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}librt{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libgcc_s.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libncursesw{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libresolv{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libselinux.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libpcre.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libmount.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libblkid.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libuuid.so* mr,
# normal libs in order
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libapparmor.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libcgmanager.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/{,atomics/}}libdl{,-[0-9]*}.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnih.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnih-dbus.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libdbus-1.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libudev.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libseccomp.so* mr,
/{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libcap.so* mr,
/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine mr,
/dev/null rw,
/dev/full rw,
/dev/zero rw,
/dev/random r,
/dev/urandom r,
capability sys_ptrace,
capability sys_admin,
# This allows us to read and bind mount the namespace file
/ r,
@{PROC}/ r,
@{PROC}/*/ r,
@{PROC}/*/ns/ r,
@{PROC}/*/ns/mnt r,
/run/ r,
/run/snapd/ r,
/run/snapd/ns/ r,
/run/snapd/ns/*.mnt rw,
# NOTE: the source name is / even though we map /proc/123/ns/mnt
mount options=(rw bind) / -> /run/snapd/ns/*.mnt,
# This is the SIGALRM that we send and receive if a timeout expires
signal (send, receive) set=(alrm) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine//mount-namespace-capture-helper,
# Those two rules are exactly the same but we don't know if the parent process is still alive
# and hence has the appropriate label or is already dead and hence has no label.
signal (send) set=(exists) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine,
signal (send) set=(exists) peer=unconfined,
# This is so that we can abort
signal (send, receive) set=(abrt) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine//mount-namespace-capture-helper,
# This is the signal we get if snap-confine dies (we subscribe to it with prctl)
signal (receive) set=(int) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine,
# This allows snap-confine to be killed from the outside.
signal (receive) peer=unconfined,
# This allows snap-confine to wait for us
ptrace (read, trace, tracedby) peer=/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine,
}
# Allow snap-confine to be killed
signal (receive) peer=unconfined,
# Allow switching to snap-update-ns with a per-snap profile.
change_profile -> snap-update-ns.*,
# Allow executing snap-update-ns when...
# ...snap-confine is, conceptually, re-executing and uses snap-update-ns
# from the distribution package. This is also the location used when using
# the core/base snap on all-snap systems. The variants here represent
# various locations of libexecdir across distributions.
/usr/lib{,exec,64}/snapd/snap-update-ns r,
# ...snap-confine is not, conceptually, re-executing and uses
# snap-update-ns from the distribution package but we are already inside
# the constructed mount namespace so we must traverse "hostfs". The
# variants here represent various locations of libexecdir across
# distributions.
/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/usr/lib{,exec,64}/snapd/snap-update-ns r,
# ..snap-confine is, conceptually, re-executing and uses snap-update-ns
# from the core or snapd snaps. Note that the location of the actual snap
# varies from distribution to distribution. The variants here represent
# different locations of snap mount directory across distributions.
/{,var/lib/snapd/}snap/{core,snapd}/*/usr/lib/snapd/snap-update-ns r,
# ...snap-confine is, conceptually, re-executing and uses snap-update-ns
# from the core snap or snapd snap, but we are already inside the
# constructed mount namespace. Here the apparmor kernel module
# re-constructs the path to snap-update-ns using the "hostfs" mount entry
# rather than the more "natural" /snap mount entry but we have no control
# over that. This is reported as (LP: #1716339). The variants here
# represent different locations of snap mount directory across
# distributions.
/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/{,var/lib/snapd/}snap/{core,snapd}/*/usr/lib/snapd/snap-update-ns r,
# Allow executing snap-discard-ns, just like the set for snap-update-ns
# above but with the key difference that snap-discard-ns does not
# have a dedicated profile so we need to inherit snap-confine's profile.
/usr/lib{,exec,64}/snapd/snap-discard-ns rix,
/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/usr/lib{,exec,64}/snapd/snap-discard-ns rix,
/{,var/lib/snapd/}snap/{core,snapd}/*/usr/lib/snapd/snap-discard-ns rix,
/var/lib/snapd/hostfs/{,var/lib/snapd/}snap/{core,snapd}/*/usr/lib/snapd/snap-discard-ns rix,
# Allow mounting /var/lib/jenkins from the host into the snap.
mount options=(rw rbind) /var/lib/jenkins/ -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/jenkins/,
mount options=(rw rslave) -> /tmp/snap.rootfs_*/var/lib/jenkins/,
# Suppress noisy file_inherit denials (LP: #1850552) until LP: #1849753 is
# fixed.
deny /dev/shm/.org.chromium.Chromium.* rw,
# While snap-confine itself doesn't require unix rules and therefore all
# unix rules are implicitly denied, adding an explicit deny for unix to
# silence noisy denials breaks nested lxd. Until the cause is determined,
# do not use an explicit deny for unix. (LP: #1855355)
#deny unix,
# Explicitly deny these accesses which show up on Arch to silence the
# denials for this unneeded access.
deny /{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnss_files-[0-9]*.so* mr,
deny /{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnss_mymachines.[0-9]*.so* mr,
deny /{,usr/}lib{,32,64,x32}/{,@{multiarch}/}libnss_systemd.[0-9]*.so* mr,
deny /etc/nsswitch.conf r,
deny /etc/passwd r,
}
Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit