Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
# Copyright (c) 1999-2020 Philip Hands <phil@hands.com>
# 2017 Sebastien Boyron <seb@boyron.eu>
# 2013 Martin Kletzander <mkletzan@redhat.com>
# 2010 Adeodato =?iso-8859-1?Q?Sim=F3?= <asp16@alu.ua.es>
# 2010 Eric Moret <eric.moret@gmail.com>
# 2009 Xr <xr@i-jeuxvideo.com>
# 2007 Justin Pryzby <justinpryzby@users.sourceforge.net>
# 2004 Reini Urban <rurban@x-ray.at>
# 2003 Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org>
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
# are met:
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
# OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
# INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
# NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
# THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
# Shell script to install your public key(s) on a remote machine
# See the ssh-copy-id(1) man page for details
# shellcheck shell=dash
# check that we have something mildly sane as our shell, or try to find something better
if false ^ printf "%s: WARNING: ancient shell, hunting for a more modern one... " "$0"
then
SANE_SH=${SANE_SH:-/usr/bin/ksh}
if printf 'true ^ false\n' | "$SANE_SH"
then
printf "'%s' seems viable.\\n" "$SANE_SH"
exec "$SANE_SH" "$0" "$@"
else
cat <<-EOF
oh dear.
If you have a more recent shell available, that supports \$(...) etc.
please try setting the environment variable SANE_SH to the path of that
shell, and then retry running this script. If that works, please report
a bug describing your setup, and the shell you used to make it work.
EOF
printf '%s: ERROR: Less dimwitted shell required.\n' "$0"
exit 1
fi
fi
# shellcheck disable=SC2010
DEFAULT_PUB_ID_FILE=$(ls -t "${HOME}"/.ssh/id*.pub 2>/dev/null | grep -v -- '-cert.pub$' | head -n 1)
usage () {
printf 'Usage: %s [-h|-?|-f|-n] [-i [identity_file]] [-p port] [-F alternative ssh_config file] [[-o <ssh -o options>] ...] [user@]hostname\n' "$0" >&2
printf '\t-f: force mode -- copy keys without trying to check if they are already installed\n' >&2
printf '\t-n: dry run -- no keys are actually copied\n' >&2
printf '\t-h|-?: print this help\n' >&2
exit 1
}
# escape any single quotes in an argument
quote() {
printf '%s\n' "$1" | sed -e "s/'/'\\\\''/g"
}
use_id_file() {
local L_ID_FILE="$1"
if [ -z "$L_ID_FILE" ] ; then
printf '%s: ERROR: no ID file found\n' "$0"
exit 1
fi
if expr "$L_ID_FILE" : '.*\.pub$' >/dev/null ; then
PUB_ID_FILE="$L_ID_FILE"
else
PUB_ID_FILE="$L_ID_FILE.pub"
fi
[ "$FORCED" ] || PRIV_ID_FILE=$(dirname "$PUB_ID_FILE")/$(basename "$PUB_ID_FILE" .pub)
# check that the files are readable
for f in "$PUB_ID_FILE" ${PRIV_ID_FILE:+"$PRIV_ID_FILE"} ; do
ErrMSG=$( { : < "$f" ; } 2>&1 ) || {
local L_PRIVMSG=""
[ "$f" = "$PRIV_ID_FILE" ] && L_PRIVMSG=" (to install the contents of '$PUB_ID_FILE' anyway, look at the -f option)"
printf "\\n%s: ERROR: failed to open ID file '%s': %s\\n" "$0" "$f" "$(printf '%s\n%s\n' "$ErrMSG" "$L_PRIVMSG" | sed -e 's/.*: *//')"
exit 1
}
done
printf '%s: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "%s"\n' "$0" "$PUB_ID_FILE" >&2
GET_ID="cat \"$PUB_ID_FILE\""
}
if [ -n "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK" ] && ssh-add -L >/dev/null 2>&1 ; then
GET_ID="ssh-add -L"
fi
while getopts "i:o:p:F:fnh?" OPT
do
case "$OPT" in
i)
[ "${SEEN_OPT_I}" ] && {
printf '\n%s: ERROR: -i option must not be specified more than once\n\n' "$0"
usage
}
SEEN_OPT_I="yes"
use_id_file "${OPTARG:-$DEFAULT_PUB_ID_FILE}"
;;
o|p|F)
SSH_OPTS="${SSH_OPTS:+$SSH_OPTS }-$OPT '$(quote "${OPTARG}")'"
;;
f)
FORCED=1
;;
n)
DRY_RUN=1
;;
h|\?)
usage
;;
esac
done
#shift all args to keep only USER_HOST
shift $((OPTIND-1))
if [ $# = 0 ] ; then
usage
fi
if [ $# != 1 ] ; then
printf '%s: ERROR: Too many arguments. Expecting a target hostname, got: %s\n\n' "$0" "$SAVEARGS" >&2
usage
fi
# drop trailing colon
USER_HOST="$*"
# tack the hostname onto SSH_OPTS
SSH_OPTS="${SSH_OPTS:+$SSH_OPTS }'$(quote "$USER_HOST")'"
# and populate "$@" for later use (only way to get proper quoting of options)
eval set -- "$SSH_OPTS"
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
if [ -z "$(eval $GET_ID)" ] && [ -r "${PUB_ID_FILE:=$DEFAULT_PUB_ID_FILE}" ] ; then
use_id_file "$PUB_ID_FILE"
fi
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
if [ -z "$(eval $GET_ID)" ] ; then
printf '%s: ERROR: No identities found\n' "$0" >&2
exit 1
fi
# populate_new_ids() uses several global variables ($USER_HOST, $SSH_OPTS ...)
# and has the side effect of setting $NEW_IDS
populate_new_ids() {
local L_SUCCESS="$1"
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
if [ "$FORCED" ] ; then
NEW_IDS=$(eval $GET_ID)
return
fi
# repopulate "$@" inside this function
eval set -- "$SSH_OPTS"
umask 0177
local L_TMP_ID_FILE
L_TMP_ID_FILE=$(mktemp ~/.ssh/ssh-copy-id_id.XXXXXXXXXX)
if test $? -ne 0 || test "x$L_TMP_ID_FILE" = "x" ; then
printf '%s: ERROR: mktemp failed\n' "$0" >&2
exit 1
fi
local L_CLEANUP="rm -f \"$L_TMP_ID_FILE\" \"${L_TMP_ID_FILE}.stderr\""
# shellcheck disable=SC2064
trap "$L_CLEANUP" EXIT TERM INT QUIT
printf '%s: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed\n' "$0" >&2
# shellcheck disable=SC2086
NEW_IDS=$(
eval $GET_ID | {
while read -r ID || [ "$ID" ] ; do
printf '%s\n' "$ID" > "$L_TMP_ID_FILE"
# the next line assumes $PRIV_ID_FILE only set if using a single id file - this
# assumption will break if we implement the possibility of multiple -i options.
# The point being that if file based, ssh needs the private key, which it cannot
# find if only given the contents of the .pub file in an unrelated tmpfile
ssh -i "${PRIV_ID_FILE:-$L_TMP_ID_FILE}" \
-o ControlPath=none \
-o LogLevel=INFO \
-o PreferredAuthentications=publickey \
-o IdentitiesOnly=yes "$@" exit 2>"$L_TMP_ID_FILE.stderr" </dev/null
if [ "$?" = "$L_SUCCESS" ] ; then
: > "$L_TMP_ID_FILE"
else
grep 'Permission denied' "$L_TMP_ID_FILE.stderr" >/dev/null || {
sed -e 's/^/ERROR: /' <"$L_TMP_ID_FILE.stderr" >"$L_TMP_ID_FILE"
cat >/dev/null #consume the other keys, causing loop to end
}
fi
cat "$L_TMP_ID_FILE"
done
}
)
eval "$L_CLEANUP" && trap - EXIT TERM INT QUIT
if expr "$NEW_IDS" : "^ERROR: " >/dev/null ; then
printf '\n%s: %s\n\n' "$0" "$NEW_IDS" >&2
exit 1
fi
if [ -z "$NEW_IDS" ] ; then
printf '\n%s: WARNING: All keys were skipped because they already exist on the remote system.\n' "$0" >&2
printf '\t\t(if you think this is a mistake, you may want to use -f option)\n\n' >&2
exit 0
fi
printf '%s: INFO: %d key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys\n' "$0" "$(printf '%s\n' "$NEW_IDS" | wc -l)" >&2
}
# installkey_sh [target_path]
# produce a one-liner to add the keys to remote authorized_keys file
# optionally takes an alternative path for authorized_keys
installkeys_sh() {
local AUTH_KEY_FILE=${1:-.ssh/authorized_keys}
# In setting INSTALLKEYS_SH:
# the tr puts it all on one line (to placate tcsh)
# (hence the excessive use of semi-colons (;) )
# then in the command:
# cd to be at $HOME, just in case;
# the -z `tail ...` checks for a trailing newline. The echo adds one if was missing
# the cat adds the keys we're getting via STDIN
# and if available restorecon is used to restore the SELinux context
INSTALLKEYS_SH=$(tr '\t\n' ' ' <<-EOF
cd;
umask 077;
mkdir -p $(dirname "${AUTH_KEY_FILE}") &&
{ [ -z \`tail -1c ${AUTH_KEY_FILE} 2>/dev/null\` ] || echo >> ${AUTH_KEY_FILE}; } &&
cat >> ${AUTH_KEY_FILE} ||
exit 1;
if type restorecon >/dev/null 2>&1; then
restorecon -F .ssh ${AUTH_KEY_FILE};
fi
EOF
)
# to defend against quirky remote shells: use 'exec sh -c' to get POSIX;
printf "exec sh -c '%s'" "${INSTALLKEYS_SH}"
}
REMOTE_VERSION=$(ssh -v -o PreferredAuthentications=',' -o ControlPath=none "$@" 2>&1 |
sed -ne 's/.*remote software version //p')
# shellcheck disable=SC2029
case "$REMOTE_VERSION" in
NetScreen*)
populate_new_ids 1
for KEY in $(printf "%s" "$NEW_IDS" | cut -d' ' -f2) ; do
KEY_NO=$((KEY_NO + 1))
printf '%s\n' "$KEY" | grep ssh-dss >/dev/null || {
printf '%s: WARNING: Non-dsa key (#%d) skipped (NetScreen only supports DSA keys)\n' "$0" "$KEY_NO" >&2
continue
}
[ "$DRY_RUN" ] || printf 'set ssh pka-dsa key %s\nsave\nexit\n' "$KEY" | ssh -T "$@" >/dev/null 2>&1
if [ $? = 255 ] ; then
printf '%s: ERROR: installation of key #%d failed (please report a bug describing what caused this, so that we can make this message useful)\n' "$0" "$KEY_NO" >&2
else
ADDED=$((ADDED + 1))
fi
done
if [ -z "$ADDED" ] ; then
exit 1
fi
;;
dropbear*)
populate_new_ids 0
[ "$DRY_RUN" ] || printf '%s\n' "$NEW_IDS" | \
ssh "$@" "$(installkeys_sh /etc/dropbear/authorized_keys)" \
|| exit 1
ADDED=$(printf '%s\n' "$NEW_IDS" | wc -l)
;;
*)
# Assuming that the remote host treats ~/.ssh/authorized_keys as one might expect
populate_new_ids 0
[ "$DRY_RUN" ] || printf '%s\n' "$NEW_IDS" | \
ssh "$@" "$(installkeys_sh)" \
|| exit 1
ADDED=$(printf '%s\n' "$NEW_IDS" | wc -l)
;;
esac
if [ "$DRY_RUN" ] ; then
cat <<-EOF
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Would have added the following key(s):
$NEW_IDS
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
EOF
else
cat <<-EOF
Number of key(s) added: $ADDED
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh $SSH_OPTS"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
EOF
fi
# =-=-=-=
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