Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /bin/rsync-ssl
#!/usr/bin/env bash

# This script uses openssl, gnutls, or stunnel to secure an rsync daemon connection.

# By default this script takes rsync args and hands them off to the actual
# rsync command with an --rsh option that makes it open an SSL connection to an
# rsync daemon.  See the rsync-ssl manpage for usage details and env variables.

# When the first arg is --HELPER, we are being used by rsync as an --rsh helper
# script, and the args are (note the trailing dot):
#
#    rsync-ssl --HELPER HOSTNAME rsync --server --daemon .
#
# --HELPER is not a user-facing option, so it is not documented in the manpage.

# The first SSL setup was based on:  http://dozzie.jarowit.net/trac/wiki/RsyncSSL
# Note that an stunnel connection requires at least version 4.x of stunnel.

function rsync_ssl_run {
    case "$*" in
    *rsync://*) ;;
    *::*) ;;
    *)
	echo "You must use rsync-ssl with a daemon-style hostname." 1>&2
	exit 1
	;;
    esac

    exec rsync --rsh="$0 --HELPER" "${@}"
}

function rsync_ssl_helper {
    if [[ -z "$RSYNC_SSL_TYPE" ]]; then
	found=`path_search openssl stunnel4 stunnel` || exit 1
	if [[ "$found" == */openssl ]]; then
	    RSYNC_SSL_TYPE=openssl
	    RSYNC_SSL_OPENSSL="$found"
	elif [[ "$found" == */gnutls-cli ]]; then
	    RSYNC_SSL_TYPE=gnutls
	    RSYNC_SSL_GNUTLS="$found"
	else
	    RSYNC_SSL_TYPE=stunnel
	    RSYNC_SSL_STUNNEL="$found"
	fi
    fi

    case "$RSYNC_SSL_TYPE" in
	openssl)
	    if [[ -z "$RSYNC_SSL_OPENSSL" ]]; then
		RSYNC_SSL_OPENSSL=`path_search openssl` || exit 1
	    fi
	    optsep=' '
	    ;;
	gnutls)
	    if [[ -z "$RSYNC_SSL_GNUTLS" ]]; then
		RSYNC_SSL_GNUTLS=`path_search gnutls-cli` || exit 1
	    fi
	    optsep=' '
	    ;;
	stunnel)
	    if [[ -z "$RSYNC_SSL_STUNNEL" ]]; then
		RSYNC_SSL_STUNNEL=`path_search stunnel4 stunnel` || exit 1
	    fi
	    optsep=' = '
	    ;;
	*)
	    echo "The RSYNC_SSL_TYPE specifies an unknown type: $RSYNC_SSL_TYPE" 1>&2
	    exit 1
	    ;;
    esac

    if [[ -z "$RSYNC_SSL_CERT" ]]; then
	certopt=""
	gnutls_cert_opt=""
    else
	certopt="-cert$optsep$RSYNC_SSL_CERT"
	gnutls_cert_opt="--x509keyfile=$RSYNC_SSL_CERT"
    fi

    if [[ -z ${RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT+x} ]]; then
	# RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT unset - default CA set AND verify:
	# openssl:
	caopt="-verify_return_error -verify 4"
	# gnutls:
	gnutls_opts=""
	# stunnel:
	# Since there is no way of using the default CA certificate collection,
	# we cannot do any verification. Thus, stunnel should really only be
	# used if nothing else is available.
	cafile=""
	verify=""
    elif [[ "$RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT" == "" ]]; then
	# RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT set but empty -do NO verifications:
	# openssl:
	caopt="-verify 1"
	# gnutls:
	gnutls_opts="--insecure"
	# stunnel:
	cafile=""
	verify="verifyChain = no"
    else
	# RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT set - use CA AND verify:
	# openssl:
	caopt="-CAfile $RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT -verify_return_error -verify 4"
	# gnutls:
	gnutls_opts="--x509cafile=$RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT"
	# stunnel:
	cafile="CAfile = $RSYNC_SSL_CA_CERT"
	verify="verifyChain = yes"
    fi

    port="${RSYNC_PORT:-0}"
    if [[ "$port" == 0 ]]; then
	port="${RSYNC_SSL_PORT:-874}"
    fi

    # If the user specified USER@HOSTNAME::module, then rsync passes us
    # the -l USER option too, so we must be prepared to ignore it.
    if [[ "$1" == "-l" ]]; then
	shift 2
    fi

    hostname="$1"
    shift

    if [[ -z "$hostname" || "$1" != rsync || "$2" != --server || "$3" != --daemon ]]; then
	echo "Usage: rsync-ssl --HELPER HOSTNAME rsync --server --daemon ." 1>&2
	exit 1
    fi

    if [[ $RSYNC_SSL_TYPE == openssl ]]; then
	exec $RSYNC_SSL_OPENSSL s_client $caopt $certopt -quiet -verify_quiet -servername $hostname -verify_hostname $hostname -connect $hostname:$port
    elif [[ $RSYNC_SSL_TYPE == gnutls ]]; then
	exec $RSYNC_SSL_GNUTLS --logfile=/dev/null $gnutls_cert_opt $gnutls_opts $hostname:$port
    else
	# devzero@web.de came up with this no-tmpfile calling syntax:
	exec $RSYNC_SSL_STUNNEL -fd 10 11<&0 <<EOF 10<&0 0<&11 11<&-
foreground = yes
debug = crit
connect = $hostname:$port
client = yes
TIMEOUTclose = 0
$verify
$certopt
$cafile
EOF
    fi
}

function path_search {
    IFS_SAVE="$IFS"
    IFS=:
    for prog in "${@}"; do
	for dir in $PATH; do
	    [[ -z "$dir" ]] && dir=.
	    if [[ -f "$dir/$prog" && -x "$dir/$prog" ]]; then
		echo "$dir/$prog"
		IFS="$IFS_SAVE"
		return 0
	    fi
	done
    done

    IFS="$IFS_SAVE"
    echo "Failed to find on your path: $*" 1>&2
    echo "See the rsync-ssl manpage for configuration assistance." 1>&2
    return 1
}

if [[ "$#" == 0 ]]; then
    echo "Usage: rsync-ssl [--type=SSL_TYPE] RSYNC_ARG [...]" 1>&2
    echo "The SSL_TYPE can be openssl or stunnel"
    exit 1
fi

if [[ "$1" = --help || "$1" = -h ]]; then
    exec rsync --help
fi

if [[ "$1" == --HELPER ]]; then
    shift
    rsync_ssl_helper "${@}"
fi

if [[ "$1" == --type=* ]]; then
    export RSYNC_SSL_TYPE="${1/--type=/}"
    shift
fi

rsync_ssl_run "${@}"

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