Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
# Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2
# of the License.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# Library General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free
# Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
# MA 02110-1335 USA
# mysqldumpslow - parse and summarize the MySQL slow query log
# Original version by Tim Bunce, sometime in 2000.
# Further changes by Tim Bunce, 8th March 2001.
# Handling of strings with \ and double '' by Monty 11 Aug 2001.
use strict;
use Getopt::Long;
# t=time, l=lock time, r=rows, a=rows affected
# at, al, ar and aa are the corresponding averages
my %opt = (
s => 'at',
h => '*',
);
GetOptions(\%opt,
'v|verbose+',# verbose
'help+', # write usage info
'd|debug+', # debug
's=s', # what to sort by (aa, ae, al, ar, at, a, c, e, l, r, t)
'r!', # reverse the sort order (largest last instead of first)
't=i', # just show the top n queries
'a!', # don't abstract all numbers to N and strings to 'S'
'n=i', # abstract numbers with at least n digits within names
'g=s', # grep: only consider stmts that include this string
'h=s', # hostname/basename of db server for *-slow.log filename (can be wildcard)
'i=s', # name of server instance (if using mysql.server startup script)
'l!', # don't subtract lock time from total time
) or usage("bad option");
$opt{'help'} and usage();
unless (@ARGV) {
my $defaults = `my_print_defaults --mysqld`;
my $datadir = ($defaults =~ m/--datadir=(.*)/g)[-1];
if (!$datadir or $opt{i}) {
# determine the datadir from the instances section of /etc/my.cnf, if any
my $instances = `my_print_defaults instances`;
die "Can't determine datadir from 'my_print_defaults instances' output: $defaults"
unless $instances;
my @instances = ($instances =~ m/^--(\w+)-/mg);
die "No -i 'instance_name' specified to select among known instances: @instances.\n"
unless $opt{i};
die "Instance '$opt{i}' is unknown (known instances: @instances)\n"
unless grep { $_ eq $opt{i} } @instances;
$datadir = ($instances =~ m/--$opt{i}-datadir=(.*)/g)[-1]
or die "Can't determine --$opt{i}-datadir from 'my_print_defaults instances' output: $instances";
warn "datadir=$datadir\n" if $opt{v};
}
my $slowlog = ($defaults =~ m/--log[-_]slow[-_]queries=(.*)/g)[-1];
if (!$slowlog)
{
$slowlog = ($defaults =~ m/--slow[-_]query[-_]log[-_]file=(.*)/g)[-1];
}
if ( $slowlog )
{
@ARGV = ($slowlog);
die "Can't find '$slowlog'\n" unless @ARGV;
}
else
{
if (!$opt{h})
{
$opt{h}= ($defaults =~ m/--log[-_]basename=(.*)/g)[-1];
}
@ARGV = <$datadir/$opt{h}-slow.log>;
die "Can't find '$datadir/$opt{h}-slow.log'\n" unless @ARGV;
}
}
warn "\nReading mysql slow query log from @ARGV\n";
my @pending;
my %stmt;
$/ = ";\n#"; # read entire statements using paragraph mode
while ( defined($_ = shift @pending) or defined($_ = <>) ) {
warn "[[$_]]\n" if $opt{d}; # show raw paragraph being read
my @chunks = split /^\/.*Version.*started with[\000-\377]*?Time.*Id.*Command.*Argument.*\n/m;
if (@chunks > 1) {
unshift @pending, map { length($_) ? $_ : () } @chunks;
warn "<<".join(">>\n<<",@chunks).">>" if $opt{d};
next;
}
s/^#? Time: \d{6}\s+\d+:\d+:\d+.*\n//;
my ($user,$host) = s/^#? User\@Host:\s+(\S+)\s+\@\s+(\S+).*\n// ? ($1,$2) : ('','');
s/^# Thread_id: [0-9]+\s+Schema: .*\s+QC_hit:.*[^\n]+\n//;
s/^# Query_time: ([0-9.]+)\s+Lock_time: ([0-9.]+)\s+Rows_sent: ([0-9.]+)\s+Rows_examined: ([0-9.]+).*\n//;
my ($t, $l, $r, $e) = ($1, $2, $3, $4);
s/^# Rows_affected: ([0-9.]+).*\n//;
my ($a) = ($1);
$t -= $l unless $opt{l};
# remove fluff that mysqld writes to log when it (re)starts:
s!^/.*Version.*started with:.*\n!!mg;
s!^Tcp port: \d+ Unix socket: \S+\n!!mg;
s!^Time.*Id.*Command.*Argument.*\n!!mg;
# Remove optimizer info
s!^# QC_Hit: \S+\s+Full_scan: \S+\s+Full_join: \S+\s+Tmp_table: \S+\s+Tmp_table_on_disk: \S+[^\n]+\n!!mg;
s!^# Filesort: \S+\s+Filesort_on_disk: \S+[^\n]+\n!!mg;
s!^# Full_scan: \S+\s+Full_join: \S+[^\n]+\n!!mg;
s/^use \w+;\n//; # not consistently added
s/^SET timestamp=\d+;\n//;
s/^[ ]*\n//mg; # delete blank lines
s/^[ ]*/ /mg; # normalize leading whitespace
s/\s*;\s*(#\s*)?$//; # remove trailing semicolon(+newline-hash)
next if $opt{g} and !m/$opt{g}/io;
unless ($opt{a}) {
s/\b\d+\b/N/g;
s/\b0x[0-9A-Fa-f]+\b/N/g;
s/''/'S'/g;
s/""/"S"/g;
s/(\\')//g;
s/(\\")//g;
s/'[^']+'/'S'/g;
s/"[^"]+"/"S"/g;
# -n=8: turn log_20001231 into log_NNNNNNNN
s/([a-z_]+)(\d{$opt{n},})/$1.('N' x length($2))/ieg if $opt{n};
# abbreviate massive "in (...)" statements and similar
s!(([NS],){100,})!sprintf("$2,{repeated %d times}",length($1)/2)!eg;
}
my $s = $stmt{$_} ||= { users=>{}, hosts=>{} };
$s->{c} += 1;
$s->{t} += $t;
$s->{l} += $l;
$s->{r} += $r;
$s->{e} += $e;
$s->{a} += $a;
$s->{users}->{$user}++ if $user;
$s->{hosts}->{$host}++ if $host;
warn "{{$_}}\n\n" if $opt{d}; # show processed statement string
}
foreach (keys %stmt) {
my $v = $stmt{$_} || die;
my ($c, $t, $l, $r, $e, $a) = @{ $v }{qw(c t l r e a)};
$v->{at} = $t / $c;
$v->{al} = $l / $c;
$v->{ar} = $r / $c;
$v->{ae} = $e / $c;
$v->{aa} = $a / $c;
}
my @sorted = sort { $stmt{$b}->{$opt{s}} <=> $stmt{$a}->{$opt{s}} } keys %stmt;
@sorted = @sorted[0 .. $opt{t}-1] if $opt{t};
@sorted = reverse @sorted if $opt{r};
foreach (@sorted) {
my $v = $stmt{$_} || die;
my ($c, $t, $at, $l, $al, $r, $ar, $e, $ae, $a, $aa) = @{ $v }{qw(c t at l al r ar e ae a aa)};
my @users = keys %{$v->{users}};
my $user = (@users==1) ? $users[0] : sprintf "%dusers",scalar @users;
my @hosts = keys %{$v->{hosts}};
my $host = (@hosts==1) ? $hosts[0] : sprintf "%dhosts",scalar @hosts;
printf "Count: %d Time=%.2fs (%ds) Lock=%.2fs (%ds) Rows_sent=%.1f (%d), Rows_examined=%.1f (%d), Rows_affected=%.1f (%d), $user\@$host\n%s\n\n",
$c, $at,$t, $al,$l, $ar,$r, $ae, $e, $aa, $a, $_;
}
sub usage {
my $str= shift;
my $text= <<HERE;
Usage: mysqldumpslow [ OPTS... ] [ LOGS... ]
Parse and summarize the MySQL slow query log. Options are
--verbose verbose
--debug debug
--help write this text to standard output
-v verbose
-d debug
-s ORDER what to sort by (aa, ae, al, ar, at, a, c, e, l, r, t), 'at' is default
aa: average rows affected
ae: aggregated rows examined
al: average lock time
ar: average rows sent
at: average query time
a: rows affected
c: count
e: rows examined
l: lock time
r: rows sent
t: query time
-r reverse the sort order (largest last instead of first)
-t NUM just show the top n queries
-a don't abstract all numbers to N and strings to 'S'
-n NUM abstract numbers with at least n digits within names
-g PATTERN grep: only consider stmts that include this string
-h HOSTNAME hostname of db server for *-slow.log filename (can be wildcard),
default is '*', i.e. match all
-i NAME name of server instance (if using mysql.server startup script)
-l don't subtract lock time from total time
HERE
if ($str) {
print STDERR "ERROR: $str\n\n";
print STDERR $text;
exit 1;
} else {
print $text;
exit 0;
}
}
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