Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
#
# lessfile/lesspipe
# $Id: lessopen,v 1.4 1998/05/12 09:37:46 torin Exp $
# Plus POSIX sh changes by Y.Dirson
#
# Less filter for viewing non text files.
#
# Written by: Behan Webster <behanw@pobox.com>
# Many Modifications by Darren Stalder
# Further Modifications by Thomas Schoepf <schoepf@debian.org>
#
# combined lessfile and lesspipe to avoid duplication of decode stage
# shell is sure icky. I'm real tempted to rewrite the whole thing in Perl
#
# Unfortunately, this means that I have filename dependencies sprinkled
# throughout the code. If you don't want lessfile to be called that,
# you'll need to change the LESSFILE envar below.
#
# Usage: eval `lessfile` or eval `lesspipe`
#
# less passes in:
# $1 filename to be viewed with less (used by LESSOPEN)
# and possibly (if used by lessfile)
# $2 filename that was created during LESSOPEN
TMPDIR=${TMPDIR:-/tmp}
BASENAME=`basename $0`
LESSFILE=lessfile
# Helper function to list contents of ISO files (CD images)
iso_list() {
isoinfo -d -i "$1"
isoinfo -d -i "$1" | grep -q ^Rock\.Ridge && iiopts="$iiopts -R"
isoinfo -d -i "$1" | grep -q ^Joliet && iiopts="$iiopts -J"
echo
isoinfo -f $iiopts -i "$1"
}
if [ $# -eq 1 ] ; then
# we were called as LESSOPEN
# if the file doesn't exist, we don't do anything
if [ ! -r "$1" ]; then
exit 0
fi
# generate filename for possible use by lesspipe
umask 077
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then
TMPFILE=`mktemp -p $TMPDIR lessfXXXXXX`
if [ -z "$TMPFILE" ]; then
echo >&2 "TMPFILE variable is empty. Exiting"
exit 1
fi
fi
(
# possibly redirect stdout to a file for lessfile
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then exec > $TMPFILE; fi
# Allow for user defined filters
#if [ -x ~/.lessfilter -a -O ~/.lessfilter ]; then
if [ -x ~/.lessfilter ]; then
~/.lessfilter "$1"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then
if [ -s $TMPFILE ]; then
echo $TMPFILE
else
rm -f $TMPFILE
fi
fi
exit 0
fi
fi
# Decode file for less
case `echo "$1" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'` in
*.a)
if [ -x "`which ar`" ]; then ar tv "$1"
else echo "No ar available"; fi ;;
*.arj)
if [ -x "`which unarj`" ]; then unarj l "$1"
else echo "No unarj available"; fi ;;
*.tar.bz2)
if [ -x "`which bunzip2`" ]; then
bunzip2 -dc "$1" | tar tvvf -
else echo "No bunzip2 available"; fi ;;
*.bz)
if [ -x "`which bunzip`" ]; then bunzip -c "$1"
else echo "No bunzip available"; fi ;;
*.bz2)
if [ -x "`which bunzip2`" ]; then bunzip2 -dc "$1"
else echo "No bunzip2 available"; fi ;;
*.deb|*.udeb|*.ddeb|*.ipk)
echo "$1:"; dpkg --info "$1"
echo
echo '*** Contents:'; dpkg-deb --contents "$1"
;;
*.doc)
if [ -x "`which catdoc`" ]; then
catdoc "$1"
else
# no catdoc, read normally if file is text.
if ( file "$1" | grep ASCII 2>/dev/null >/dev/null); then
cat "$1"
else
echo "No catdoc available";
fi
fi
;;
*.egg)
if [ -x "`which unzip`" ]; then
unzip -p "$1" EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO | \
sed '/^Description:/,/^\S/{/^Description:/d; /^\S/b; d}'
echo
unzip -v "$1"
else
echo "No unzip available"
fi
;;
*.gif|*.jpeg|*.jpg|*.pcd|*.png|*.tga|*.tiff|*.tif)
if [ -x "`which identify`" ]; then
identify "$1"
else
echo "No identify available"
echo "Install ImageMagick to browse images"
fi
;;
*.iso)
if [ -x "`which isoinfo`" ]; then iso_list "$1"
else
echo "No isoinfo available"
echo "Install mkisofs to view ISO images"
fi
;;
*.bin|*.raw)
if [ -x "`which isoinfo`" ]; then
file "$1" | grep -q ISO\.9660 && iso_list "$1"
else
echo "No isoinfo available"
echo "Install mkisofs to view ISO images"
fi
;;
*.lha|*.lzh)
if [ -x "`which lha`" ]; then lha v "$1"
else echo "No lha available"; fi ;;
*.tar.lz|*.tlz)
if [ -x "`which lzip`" ]; then
lzip -dc "$1" | tar tvvf -
elif [ -x "`which lunzip`" ]; then
lunzip -dc "$1" | tar tvvf -
else echo "No lzip or lunzip available"; fi ;;
*.lz)
if [ -x "`which lzip`" ]; then lzip -dc "$1"
elif [ -x "`which lunzip`" ]; then lunzip -dc "$1"
else echo "No lzip or lunzip available"; fi ;;
*.tar.lzma)
if [ -x "`which lzma`" ]; then
lzma -dc "$1" | tar tfvv -
else
echo "No lzma available"
fi
;;
*.lzma)
if [ -x "`which lzma`" ]; then
lzma -dc "$1"
else
echo "No lzma available"
fi
;;
*.pdf)
if [ -x "`which pdftotext`" ]; then pdftotext -layout "$1" -
else echo "No pdftotext available"; fi ;;
*.rar|*.r[0-9][0-9])
if [ -x "`which rar`" ]; then rar v "$1"
elif [ -x "`which unrar`" ]; then unrar v "$1"
else echo "No rar or unrar available"; fi ;;
*.rpm)
if [ -x "`which rpm`" ]; then
echo "$1:"; rpm -q -i -p "$1"
echo
echo '*** Contents:'
rpm -q -l -p "$1"
else echo "rpm isn't available, no query on rpm package possible"; fi ;;
*.snap)
if [ -x "`which snap`" ]; then snap info "$1"; fi
if [ -x "`which unsquashfs`" ]; then
echo
echo '*** Contents:'; unsquashfs -ll -d '' "$1"
else echo "No unsquashfs available"; fi ;;
*.tar.gz|*.tgz|*.tar.z|*.tar.dz)
tar tzvf "$1" --force-local
;;
*.tar.xz|*.txz)
if [ -x "`which xz`" ]; then
xz -dc "$1" | tar tfvv -
else
echo "No xz available"
fi
;;
*.whl)
if [ -x "`which unzip`" ]; then
unzip -p "$1" '*.dist-info/METADATA' | sed '/^$/q'
unzip -v "$1"
else
echo "No unzip available"
fi
;;
*.xz)
if [ -x "`which xz`" ]; then
xz -dc "$1"
else
echo "No xz available"
fi
;;
# Note that this is out of alpha order so that we don't catch
# the gzipped tar files.
*.gz|*.z|*.dz)
gzip -dc "$1" ;;
*.tar)
tar tvf "$1" --force-local
;;
*.jar|*.war|*.ear|*.xpi|*.zip)
if [ -x "`which unzip`" ]; then unzip -v "$1";
elif [ -x "`which miniunzip`" ]; then miniunzip -l "$1";
elif [ -x "`which miniunz`" ]; then miniunz -l "$1";
else echo "No unzip, miniunzip or miniunz available"; fi ;;
*.7z)
if [ -x "`which 7za`" ]; then 7za l "$1";
elif [ -x "`which 7zr`" ]; then 7zr l "$1";
else echo "No 7za or 7zr available"; fi ;;
*.zoo)
if [ -x "`which zoo`" ]; then zoo v "$1";
elif [ -x "`which unzoo`" ]; then unzoo -l "$1";
else echo "No unzoo or zoo available"; fi ;;
esac
) 2>/dev/null
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then
if [ -s $TMPFILE ]; then
echo $TMPFILE
else
rm -f $TMPFILE
fi
fi
elif [ $# -eq 2 ] ; then
#
# we were called as LESSCLOSE
# delete the file created if we were lessfile
#
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then
if [ -n "$BASH" ]; then
if [ ! -O "$2" ]; then
echo "Error in deleting $2" > /dev/tty
fi
fi
if [ -f "$2" ]; then
rm -f "$2"
else
echo "Error in deleting $2" > /dev/tty
fi
fi
elif [ $# -eq 0 ] ; then
#
# must setup shell to use LESSOPEN/LESSCLOSE
#
# I have no idea how some of the more esoteric shells (es, rc) do
# things. If they don't do things in a Bourne manner, send me a patch
# and I'll incorporate it.
#
# first determine the full path of lessfile/lesspipe
# if you can determine a better way to do this, send me a patch, I've
# not shell-scripted for many a year.
FULLPATH=`cd \`dirname $0\`;pwd`/$BASENAME
case "$SHELL" in
*csh)
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then
echo "setenv LESSOPEN \"$FULLPATH %s\";"
echo "setenv LESSCLOSE \"$FULLPATH %s %s\";"
else
echo "setenv LESSOPEN \"| $FULLPATH %s\";"
echo "setenv LESSCLOSE \"$FULLPATH %s %s\";"
fi
;;
*)
if [ $BASENAME = $LESSFILE ]; then
echo "export LESSOPEN=\"$FULLPATH %s\";"
echo "export LESSCLOSE=\"$FULLPATH %s %s\";"
else
echo "export LESSOPEN=\"| $FULLPATH %s\";"
echo "export LESSCLOSE=\"$FULLPATH %s %s\";"
fi
;;
esac
#echo "# If you tried to view a file with a name that starts with '#', you"
#echo "# might see this message instead of the file's contents."
#echo "# To view the contents, try to put './' ahead of the filename when"
#echo "# calling less."
else
echo "Usage: eval \`$BASENAME\`"
exit
fi
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