Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
# -*- Mode: Perl -*-
# dirsplit ---
# Author : Eduard Bloch ( blade@debian.org )
# Last Modified On : Sun, 06 Feb 2005 14:59:51 +0100
# Status : Working, but use with caution!
# License: GPLv2
my $version="0.3.3";
require v5.8.1;
use strict;
use List::Util 'shuffle';
use Getopt::Long qw(:config no_ignore_case bundling);
use File::Basename;
use File::Path;
use Cwd 'abs_path';
my $ret=0;
my $max="4488M";
my $prefix="vol_";
my $acc=20;
my $emode=1;
my $bsize=2048;
my $ofac =50;
my $opt_help;
my $opt_longhelp;
my $opt_sim;
my $opt_dir;
my $opt_flat;
my $opt_move;
my $opt_ver;
my $opt_sln;
my $opt_ln;
my $opt_filter;
my $opt_simple;
my $opt_follow;
my $get_ver;
my $opt_listfile;
my %options = (
"h|help" => \$opt_help,
"d|dirhier" => \$opt_dir,
"flat" => \$opt_flat,
"f|filter=s" => \$opt_filter,
"F|follow" => \$opt_follow,
"e|expmode=i" => \$emode,
"o|overhead=i" => \$ofac,
"b|blksize=i" => \$bsize,
"n|no-act" => \$opt_sim,
"m|move" => \$opt_move,
"l|symlink" => \$opt_sln,
"L|hardlink" => \$opt_ln,
"v|verbose" => \$opt_ver,
"s|size=s" => \$max,
"S|simple" => \$opt_simple,
"T|input=s" => \$opt_listfile,
"p|prefix=s" => \$prefix,
"a|accuracy=i" => \$acc,
"H|longhelp" => \$opt_longhelp,
"version" => \$get_ver
);
&show_help(1) unless ( GetOptions(%options));
&show_help(1) if $opt_help;
&show_longhelp if $opt_longhelp;
if($get_ver) {
print $version;
exit 0;
}
# ignore the old dirhier setting since it is default now and disable the flag when opt_flat is specified
$opt_dir = !$opt_flat;
$opt_ver = 1 if $opt_sim;
$opt_move=1 if ($opt_sln || $opt_ln);
# big list @sizes containing the "items" (object sizes)
# %names hash mapping "items" (size as key) to arrays with filenames/subarrays for coalesced files
my @sizes;
my %names;
# result containts the calculated output. In simple mode, an
# array (bins) of atoms (files or filelists). Otherwise, sizes
# instead of atoms, to be resolved with %names.
my @result;
my $inputdir;
$max=fixnr($max);
# about 400kB for iso headers
$max-=420000;
# init default value
my $globwaste=0;
if(-d $ARGV[0] || (-d readlink($ARGV[0]))) {
syswrite(STDOUT,"Building file list, please wait...\n");
# save the absolut path before doing anyhting
$inputdir=Cwd::abs_path($ARGV[0]);
&explore($inputdir);
}
elsif($opt_listfile) {
if($opt_listfile eq "-") {
&parseListe(\*STDIN);
}
else {
open(my $in, "<", $opt_listfile) || die "Cannot open list file $opt_listfile\n";
&parseListe($in);
}
}
else {
die "Error: please specify a directory\n";
}
# check for pointless requests
my $testsize=0;
for(@sizes) {
die "Too large object(s) ($_) for the given max size: @{$names{$_}} (maybe coalesced in arrays, check manually)\n" if($_>$max);
$testsize+=$_;
}
$acc=1 if ($testsize <= $max); # just generate a list, more trials are pointless
print "\nSumm: $testsize\n" if($opt_ver);
die "Nothing to do!\n" if($testsize<4096); # looks like just an empty dir
if(!$opt_simple) {
syswrite(STDOUT, "Calculating, please wait...\n");
my $starttime=time;
$globwaste=$max*@sizes;
for(1..$acc) {
syswrite(STDOUT,".");
my @tmp;
#my $waste = bp_bestfit($max, \@in, \@tmp);
my $waste = bp_firstfit($max, \@sizes, \@tmp);
#print "D: waste - $waste\n";
if($waste < $globwaste) {
$globwaste=$waste;
@result=@tmp;
}
if($starttime && time > $starttime+10) {
syswrite(STDOUT,"\nSpent already over 10s (for $_ iterations)\nHint: reduce accuracy to make it faster!\n");
undef $starttime;
}
@sizes=shuffle(@sizes);
}
}
print "\nCalculated, using ".(scalar @result)." volumes.\n";
print "Wasted: $globwaste Byte (estimated, check mkisofs -print-size ...)\n";
# and the real work
my $i=0;
my $inDirLen=length($inputdir);
for(@result) {
$i++;
my $o;
open($o, ">$prefix$i.list") if(! ($opt_move || $opt_sim));
my $dirPrefix=dirname($prefix);
my $prefixBase=basename($prefix);
my $dirPrefixAbs=Cwd::abs_path($dirPrefix);
for(@{$_}) {
my $stuffRef;
# For simple mode, the files/atoms are already resolved, otherwise take
# the next with appropriate size.
my $item= $opt_simple ? $_ : shift(@{$names{$_}});
# make reference point to an array with our files, create a list if needed
if(ref($item) eq "ARRAY") {
$stuffRef=$item;
}
else {
$stuffRef=[$item];
}
for my $file (@$stuffRef) {
my $relFile=substr($file,$inDirLen+1);
my $base=basename($relFile);
if($opt_move) {
my $targetsubdir = $dirPrefixAbs."/$prefixBase$i";
$targetsubdir .= "/".dirname($relFile) if($opt_dir);
print "$file -> $targetsubdir/$base\n" if($opt_ver);
if(!$opt_sim) {
mkpath $targetsubdir || die "Problems creating $targetsubdir\n";
# last check
die "Could not create $targetsubdir?\n" if(!(-d $targetsubdir && -w $targetsubdir));
if($opt_sln) {
symlink($file, "$targetsubdir/$base");
}
elsif($opt_ln) {
if(-d $file && !-l $file) {
mkdir "$targetsubdir/$base";
}
else {
link($file, "$targetsubdir/$base");
}
}
else {
rename($file, "$targetsubdir/$base");
}
}
}
else {
# escape = in mkisofs catalogs, they are used as separator
my $isoname = ($opt_dir?$relFile : $base);
$isoname=~s/=/\\=/g;
my $sourcefile=$file;
$sourcefile=~s/=/\\=/g;
print "$i: /$isoname=$sourcefile\n" if $opt_ver;
print $o "/$isoname=$sourcefile\n" if(!$opt_sim);
}
}
}
close($o) if($o);
}
exit $ret;
# recursive function
# parameter: directory
# mode 1: descend as far as possible and index all non-directories
# mode 2++:
# put all files of a dir into coaleseced-object, then descend into each dir
sub explore {
(my $dir) = @_;
my @stuff;
my @dirs;
my @files;
opendir(DIR, $dir) || die "Could not open $dir\n";
@stuff=readdir(DIR);
if($opt_simple) {
@stuff=sort { lc($a) cmp lc($b) } @stuff;
}
foreach my $f (@stuff) {
next if ($f eq "." || $f eq "..");
#print "\$f=$opt_filter;\n";
$f="$dir/$f" if($dir ne ".");
if ($opt_filter) {
next unless (eval("\$f=~$opt_filter;"));
}
if(-l $f && ! $opt_follow) {
push(@files, $f);
}
elsif(-d $f) {
push(@dirs, $f);
}
else {
push(@files, $f);
}
}
closedir(DIR);
if( (@dirs + @files) == 0 ) {
# this one is empty, register for cosmetics reason
&insitem(getsize($dir), $dir);
return;
}
# recurse on directories
&explore($_) for(@dirs);
# and now process files
if($emode==1) {
&insitem(getsize($_), $_) for(@files);
}
else {
# handle coalesced objects - first some sanity checks and splitting if
# required
my $filesum=0;
for(@files) {
my $tmp=getsize($_);
if($tmp>$max) {
# already too large, stop right here
die "Too large file ($_) for the given max size $max, aborting...\n";
}
$filesum += $tmp;
};
# handle coal. objects becoming too large
if($filesum>$max) {
# too large coal. object...
if($emode==3) {
# don't coalesc in this mode, do like mode 1 above, leave them alone
&insitem(getsize($_), $_) for(@files);
return;
}
# a bit complicated, split file set while creating coal.objects
if($emode==4) {
my $partsum=0;
my @sorted=sort(@files);
my @tmpvol;
for(my $i=0;$i<=$#sorted;$i++) {
# print "D: i: $i, partsum: $partsum, file: $sorted[$i]\n";
my $tmp=getsize($sorted[$i]);
$partsum+=$tmp;
if($partsum>$max) {
# undo the last step then build the coal.object
$partsum-=$tmp;
$i--;
&insitem($partsum, \@tmpvol);
# reset temporaries
undef @tmpvol;
undef $partsum;
}
else {
push(@tmpvol, $sorted[$i]);
}
}
return;
}
}
# ok, building a coalesced object for simple cases
if($filesum) {
&insitem($filesum, \@files);
}
}
}
my $simplePos=0;
my @simpleBinSizes;
# args: size, object (filename or list reference)
sub insitem {
my ($size, $object) = @_;
# normaly, put the items into the pool for calculation. In simple mode, calculate here
push(@sizes, $size);
push(@{$names{$size}},$object);
if($opt_simple) {
# now the simplest method to fill the bins, just take a new one when the
# object-to-be-added no longer fits
if($simpleBinSizes[$simplePos]+$size > $max) {
$globwaste += ( $max-$simpleBinSizes[$simplePos] );
$simplePos++;
};
$simpleBinSizes[$simplePos]+=$size;
push( @{$result[$simplePos]}, $object);
}
}
sub getsize {
(my $file) = @_;
my $size = ((stat($file))[7]);
my $rest = ($size % $bsize);
$size = ($size + $bsize - $rest) if ($rest);
return 1+int(200 + $ofac*length(basename($file)) + $size);
}
sub parseListe {
my $fh=${$_[0]};
while(<$fh>) {
if(/^(\w+)\s+(.+)/) {
&insitem(fixnr($1), $2);
}
}
}
sub fixnr {
# args:
# Number
# optional: default multiplier
my $fac;
my $nr;
if($_[0]=~/(\d+)(\D)/) {
$nr=$1;
$fac=$2;
}
elsif(defined($_[1])) {
$nr=$_[0];
$fac=$_[1];
}
else {
return $_[0];
}
return $nr*1000000000 if($fac eq "g");
return $nr*1073741824 if($fac eq "G");
return $nr*1000000 if($fac eq "m");
return $nr*1048576 if($fac eq "M");
return $nr*1000 if($fac eq "k");
return $nr*1024 if($fac eq "K");
return $nr if($fac eq "b");
die "$fac is not a valid multiplier!";
}
sub show_help {
print <<EOM
dirsplit [options] [advanced options] < directory >
-H|--longhelp Show the long help message with more advanced options
-n|--no-act Only print the commands, no action (implies -v)
-s|--size NUMBER - Size of the medium (default: $max)
-e|--expmode NUMBER - directory exploration mode (recommended, see long help)
-m|--move Move files to target dirs (default: create mkisofs catalogs)
-p|--prefix STRING - first part of catalog/directory name (default: vol_)
-h|--help Show this option summary
-v|--verbose More verbosity
The complete help can be displayed with the --longhelp (-H) option.
The default mode is creating file catalogs useable with:
mkisofs -D -r --joliet-long -graft-points -path-list CATALOG
Example:
dirsplit -m -s 700M -e2 random_data_to_backup/
EOM
;
exit shift;
}
sub show_longhelp {
my $msglong="
dirsplit [options] [advanced options] < directory >
-n|--no-act Only print the commands, no action (implies -v)
-s|--size NUMBER - Size of the medium (default: $max)
-m|--move Move files to target dirs (default: create mkisofs catalogs)
-l|--symlink similar to -m but just creates symlinks in the target dirs
-L|--hardlink like -l but creates hardlinks
-p|--prefix STRING - first part of catalog/directory name (default: vol_)
-f|--filter EXPR - Filter expression, see examples below and perlre manpage
--flat Flat dir mode, don't recreate subdirectory structure (not recommended)
-e|--expmode NUMBER, special exploration modes, used with directory argument
1: (default) native exploration of the specified directory, but file sizes
are rounded up to 2048 blocks plus estimated overhead for
filenames (see -o option)
2: like 1, but all files in directory are put together (as \"atom\") onto the
same medium. This does not apply to subdirectories, however.
3: like 2, but don't coalesc files when the size of the \"atom\" becomes too
large for the medium size (currently $max)
4: like 2, but the max. size of the atoms is limited to $max (storing the
rest on another medium)
-F|--follow Follow symlinks. Use with care!
-b|--blksize NUMBER, block size of the target filesystem (currently $bsize).
-o|--overhead NUMBER, overhead caused by directory entries (as factor for the
filename length, default: 50, empiricaly found for Joliet+RR
with not-so-deep directory structure). Works in exploration
mode.
-a|--accuracy NUMBER (1=faster, large number=better efficiency, default: 500)
-S|--simple Simple/stupid/alphabetic mode
-T|--input FILENAME (or - for STDIN): List with sizes and paths, try:
find dir -type f -printf \"%s %p\n\"
to get an example. Avoid duplicates! Unit suffixes are allowed.
-h|--help Show this option summary
-v|--verbose More verbosity
File sizes are expected to be in bytes, append modifier letters to multiply
with a factor, eg 200M (b,k,K,m,M,g,G for Bytes, Kb, KiB, Mb, MiB, Gb, GiB).
The default output mode is creating file catalogs useable with
mkisofs -D -r --joliet-long -graft-points -path-list CATALOG
Examples:
dirsplit -m -s 120M -e4 largedirwithdata/ -p /zipmedia/backup_ #move stuff into splitted backup dirs
dirsplit -s 700M -e2 music/ # make mkisofs catalogs to burn all music to 700M CDRs, keep single files in each dir together
dirsplit -s 700M -e2 -f '/other\\/Soundtracks/' music/ # like above, only take files from other/Soundtracks
dirsplit -s 700M -e2 -f '!/Thumbs.db|Desktop.ini|\\.m3u\$/i' # like above, ignore some junk files and playlists, both letter cases
Bugs: overhead trough blocksize alignment and directory entry storage varies,
heavily depends on the target filesystem and configuration (see -b and -o).
You should compare the required size of the created catalogs, eg.:
for x in *list ; do mkisofs -quiet -D -r --joliet-long -graft-points \\
-path-list \$x -print-size; done
(output in blocks of 2048 bytes) with the expected size (-s) and media data
(cdrecord -v -toc ...).
";
print $msglong;
exit 0;
}
# Parms: bin size (int), input array (arr reference), output array (arr reference)
# Returns: wasted space (int)
sub bp_bestfit {
my $max=$_[0];
my @in = @{$_[1]};
my $target = $_[2];
my @out;
my @bel;
my @tmp;
push(@tmp,$in[0]);
push(@out, \@tmp);
$bel[0] = $in[0];
shift @in;
for(@in) {
my $bestplace=$#out+1;
my $bestwert=$max;
for($i=0;$i<=$#out;$i++) {
my $rest;
$rest=$max-$bel[$i]-$_;
if($rest>0 && $rest < $bestwert) {
$bestplace=$i;
$bestwert=$rest;
};
}
if($bestplace>$#out) {
my @bin;
$bel[$bestplace]=$_;
push(@bin, $_);
push(@out,\@bin);
}
else{
$bel[$bestplace]+=$_;
push( @{$out[$bestplace]} , $_);
}
}
my $ret=0;
# count all rests but the last one
for($i=0;$i<$#out;$i++) {
$ret+=($max-$bel[$i]);
}
@{$target} = @out;
return $ret;
}
# Parms: bin size (int), input array (arr reference), output array (arr reference)
# Returns: wasted space (int)
sub bp_firstfit {
my $max=$_[0];
my @in = @{$_[1]};
my $target = $_[2];
my @out;
my @bel;
piece: foreach my $obj (@in) {
# first fit, use the first bin with enough free space
# print "F: bin$i: $obj, @{$names{$obj}}\n";
for($i=0;$i<=$#out;$i++) {
my $newsize=($bel[$i]+$obj);
# print "bel[i]: $bel[$i], new?: $newsize to max: $max\n";
if( $newsize <= $max ) {
# print "F: bin$i: $bel[$i]+$obj=$newsize\n";
#fits here
$bel[$i]=$newsize;
push( @{$out[$i]} , $obj);
next piece; # break
}
}
# neues Bin
my @bin;
$bel[$i]=$obj;
# print "N: bin$i: $bel[$i]=$obj\n";
push(@bin, $obj);
push(@out,\@bin);
}
my $ret=0;
# sum up all rests except of the one from the last bin
for($i=0;$i<$#out;$i++) {
# print "hm, bel $i ist :".$bel[$i]." und res:".($max-$bel[$i])."\n";
$ret+=($max-$bel[$i]);
}
@{$target} = @out;
# print "wtf, ".join(",", @{$out[0]})."\n";
return $ret;
}
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