Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/python3
# vim:set fileencoding=utf-8 et ts=4 sts=4 sw=4:
#
# apt-listchanges - Show changelog entries between the installed versions
# of a set of packages and the versions contained in
# corresponding .deb files
#
# Copyright (C) 2000-2006 Matt Zimmerman <mdz@debian.org>
# Copyright (C) 2006 Pierre Habouzit <madcoder@debian.org>
# Copyright (C) 2016-2019 Robert Luberda <robert@debian.org>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
#
import sys, os, os.path
import functools
import apt_pkg
import signal
import subprocess
import traceback
from glob import glob
sys.path += [os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]) + '/apt-listchanges', '/usr/share/apt-listchanges']
import ALCLog
from ALChacks import _
import apt_listchanges, DebianFiles, ALCApt, ALCConfig, ALCSeenDb
def main(config):
apt_pkg.init()
etc = apt_pkg.config.find_dir('Dir::Etc')
conf = apt_pkg.config.find_file('Dir::Etc::apt-listchanges-main')
if not conf: conf = os.path.join(etc, 'listchanges.conf')
conf_d = apt_pkg.config.find_dir('Dir::Etc::apt-listchanges-parts')
if conf_d == '/': conf_d = os.path.join(etc, 'listchanges.conf.d')
configs = [conf]
configs += glob(os.path.join(conf_d, '*.conf'))
config.read(configs)
debs = config.getopt(sys.argv)
if config.dump_seen:
ALCSeenDb.make_seen_db(config, True).dump()
sys.exit(0)
if config.apt_mode:
debs = ALCApt.AptPipeline(config).read()
if not debs:
sys.exit(0)
# Force quiet (loggable) mode if not running interactively
if not sys.stdout.isatty() and not config.quiet:
config.quiet = 1
try:
frontend = apt_listchanges.make_frontend(config, len(debs)+1)
except apt_listchanges.EUnknownFrontend:
ALCLog.error(_("Unknown frontend: %s") % config.frontend)
sys.exit(1)
if frontend is None:
sys.exit(0)
if frontend.needs_tty_stdin() and not sys.stdin.isatty():
try:
# Give any forked processes (eg. lynx) a normal stdin;
# See Debian Bug #343423. (Note: with $APT_HOOK_INFO_FD
# support introduced in version 3.2, stdin should point to
# a terminal already, so there should be no need to reopen it).
with open('/dev/tty', 'rb+', buffering=0) as tty:
os.close(0)
os.dup2(tty.fileno(), 0)
except Exception as ex:
ALCLog.warning(_("Cannot reopen /dev/tty for stdin: %s") % str(ex))
status = None
if not config.show_all and config.since is None and config.latest is None:
dpkg_status = apt_pkg.config.find_file('Dir::State::status')
status = DebianFiles.ControlParser()
status.readfile(dpkg_status)
status.makeindex('Package')
seen_db = ALCSeenDb.make_seen_db(config)
# Mapping of source->binary packages
source_packages = {}
deb_number = 0
for deb in debs:
if deb_number % 8 == 0:
frontend.update_progress()
pkg = DebianFiles.Package(deb)
source_packages.setdefault(pkg.source, []).append(pkg)
deb_number += 1
all_news = []
all_changelogs = []
all_binnmus = dict()
notes = []
# Main loop
for srcpackage, binpackages in source_packages.items():
(news, changelogs) = _process_srcpackage(config, seen_db, notes,
status, srcpackage,
binpackages)
if news:
all_news.append(news)
if changelogs:
all_changelogs.append(changelogs)
if changelogs.binnmus:
for binnmu in changelogs.binnmus:
all_binnmus.setdefault(binnmu.content, []).append(binnmu)
bincount = len(binpackages)
frontend.update_progress(bincount + int(deb_number/8) - int((deb_number+bincount)/8))
deb_number += bincount
frontend.progress_done()
seen_db.close_db()
for batch in (all_news, all_changelogs):
batch.sort(key=lambda x: (x.numeric_urgency, x.package))
for dummy, batch in all_binnmus.items():
batch.sort(key=lambda x: (x.header))
news = _join_changes(all_news, source_packages,
config.headers, lambda package: _('News for %s') % package)
changes = _join_changes(all_changelogs, source_packages,
config.headers, lambda package: _('Changes for %s') % package)
binnmus = _join_binnmus(all_binnmus, config.headers)
if binnmus:
if changes:
changes += '\n\n' + binnmus
else:
changes = binnmus
if config.verbose and notes:
joined_notes = _("Informational notes") + ":\n\n" + '\n'.join(notes)
if config.which == "news":
news += joined_notes
else:
changes += joined_notes
if news or changes:
_display(frontend, news, lambda: _('apt-listchanges: News'))
_display(frontend, changes, lambda: _('apt-listchanges: Changelogs'))
apt_listchanges.confirm_or_exit(config, frontend)
if apt_listchanges.can_send_emails(config):
hostname = subprocess.getoutput('hostname')
_send_email(news, lambda: _("apt-listchanges: news for %s") % hostname)
_send_email(changes, lambda: _("apt-listchanges: changelogs for %s") % hostname)
# Write out seen db
seen_db.apply_changes()
elif not config.apt_mode and not source_packages.keys():
ALCLog.error(_("Didn't find any valid .deb archives"))
sys.exit(1)
def _determinefromversion(config, seen_db, notes, status, srcpackage, binpackages):
if config.show_all:
return None
if srcpackage in seen_db:
return seen_db[srcpackage]
if config.since is not None:
return config.since
if config.latest is not None:
return None
result = None
for pkg in binpackages:
binpackage = pkg.binary
statusentry = status.find('Package', binpackage)
if not statusentry or not statusentry.installed():
# Package not installed or seen
notes.append(_("%s: will be newly installed") % binpackage)
elif not result or apt_pkg.version_compare(result, statusentry.version()) < 0:
result = statusentry.version()
return result
def _drop_binnmu_suffix(version):
pos = version.rfind('+')
if pos != -1 and len(version) in range(pos+3, pos+7) and version[pos+1] == 'b':
return version[:pos]
return version
def _process_srcpackage(config, seen_db, notes, status, srcpackage, binpackages):
fromversion = _determinefromversion(config, seen_db, notes, status, srcpackage, binpackages)
if not fromversion and not config.show_all and config.latest is None:
return (None, None)
if len(binpackages) > 1:
binpackages = sorted(binpackages,
key=functools.cmp_to_key(lambda x,y: apt_pkg.version_compare(y.Version, x.Version)))
maxversion = binpackages[0].Version # XXX take the real version or we'll lose binNMUs
processpkgs = []
for pkg in binpackages:
version = pkg.Version
binpackage = pkg.binary
if fromversion and apt_pkg.version_compare(fromversion, version) >= 0:
notes.append(_("%(pkg)s: Version %(version)s has already been seen")
% {'pkg': binpackage, 'version': version})
break
if version != maxversion and _drop_binnmu_suffix(version) != _drop_binnmu_suffix(maxversion):
notes.append(_("%(pkg)s: Version %(version)s is lower than version of "
+ "related packages (%(maxversion)s)")
% {'pkg': binpackage, 'version': version, 'maxversion' : maxversion})
break
processpkgs.append(pkg)
# if config.debug and len(processpkgs) < len(binpackages):
# ALCLog.debug("Ignored packages: %s" % ' '.join('%s=%s' % (x.binary, x.Version)
# for x in set(binpackages) - set(processpkgs)))
if not processpkgs:
return (None, None)
(all_news, all_changelogs) = (None, None)
for pkg in processpkgs:
(news, changelog) = pkg.extract_changes(config.which, fromversion, config.latest, config.reverse)
if news and not all_news:
all_news = news
if changelog and not all_changelogs:
all_changelogs = changelog
if all_changelogs or (all_news and config.which == "news"):
break
if not config.no_network and not all_changelogs and config.which != "news":
for pkg in processpkgs:
all_changelogs = pkg.extract_changes_via_apt(fromversion, config.latest, config.reverse)
if all_changelogs:
break
if all_news or all_changelogs:
seen_db[srcpackage] = maxversion
return (all_news, all_changelogs)
def _join_changes(all_changes, source_packages, show_headers, header_package_getter):
if not show_headers:
return ''.join([x.changes for x in all_changes if x.changes])
changes = ''
for rec in all_changes:
if rec.changes:
package = rec.package
header = header_package_getter(package)
if next((x for x in source_packages[package] if x.binary != package), None):
# Differing source and binary packages
header += ' (%s)' % ' '.join(x.binary for x in source_packages[package])
changes += '--- %s ---\n%s' % (header, rec.changes)
return changes
def _join_binnmus(all_binnmus, show_headers):
binnmus = ''
for content, entries in all_binnmus.items():
pkgs = '--- ' + _('Binary NMU of')
sep = ': '
lastlen = len(pkgs)
for entry in entries:
hdr = entry.header
idx = hdr.find(')')
if idx >= 0:
hdr = hdr[:idx+1]
# manually wrap the package lines
pkgs += sep
lastlen += len(sep)
sep = ', '
if lastlen + len(hdr) > 75:
pkgs += '\n '
lastlen = 1;
pkgs += hdr
lastlen += len(hdr)
binnmus += pkgs + '\n\n' + content + '\n\n'
return binnmus
def _display(frontend, changes, title_getter):
if changes:
frontend.set_title(title_getter())
frontend.display_output(changes)
def _send_email(changes, subject_getter):
if changes:
apt_listchanges.mail_changes(config, changes, subject_getter())
def _setup_signals():
def signal_handler(signum, frame):
ALCLog.error(_('Received signal %d, exiting') % signum)
sys.exit(apt_listchanges.BREAK_APT_EXIT_CODE)
for s in [ signal.SIGHUP, signal.SIGQUIT, signal.SIGTERM ]:
signal.signal(s, signal_handler)
if __name__ == '__main__':
_setup_signals()
config = ALCConfig.ALCConfig()
try:
main(config)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
sys.exit(apt_listchanges.BREAK_APT_EXIT_CODE)
except ALCApt.AptPipelineError as ex:
ALCLog.error(str(ex))
sys.exit(apt_listchanges.BREAK_APT_EXIT_CODE)
except ALCSeenDb.DbError as ex:
ALCLog.error(str(ex))
sys.exit(1)
except Exception:
traceback.print_exc()
apt_listchanges.confirm_or_exit(config, apt_listchanges.ttyconfirm(config))
sys.exit(1)
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