Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /bin/apt-key
#!/bin/sh

set -e
unset GREP_OPTIONS GPGHOMEDIR CURRENTTRAP
export IFS="$(printf "\n\b")"

MASTER_KEYRING=''
eval "$(apt-config shell MASTER_KEYRING APT::Key::MasterKeyring)"
ARCHIVE_KEYRING=''
eval "$(apt-config shell ARCHIVE_KEYRING APT::Key::ArchiveKeyring)"
REMOVED_KEYS=''
eval "$(apt-config shell REMOVED_KEYS APT::Key::RemovedKeys)"
ARCHIVE_KEYRING_URI=''
eval "$(apt-config shell ARCHIVE_KEYRING_URI APT::Key::ArchiveKeyringURI)"

aptkey_echo() { echo "$@"; }

find_gpgv_status_fd() {
   while [ -n "$1" ]; do
	if [ "$1" = '--status-fd' ]; then
		shift
		echo "$1"
		break
	fi
	shift
   done
}
GPGSTATUSFD="$(find_gpgv_status_fd "$@")"

apt_warn() {
    if [ -z "$GPGHOMEDIR" ]; then
	echo >&2 'W:' "$@"
    else
	echo 'W:' "$@" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/aptwarnings.log"
    fi
    if [ -n "$GPGSTATUSFD" ]; then
	echo >&${GPGSTATUSFD} '[APTKEY:] WARNING' "$@"
    fi
}
apt_error() {
    if [ -z "$GPGHOMEDIR" ]; then
	echo >&2 'E:' "$@"
    else
	echo 'E:' "$@" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/aptwarnings.log"
    fi
    if [ -n "$GPGSTATUSFD" ]; then
	echo >&${GPGSTATUSFD} '[APTKEY:] ERROR' "$@"
    fi
}

cleanup_gpg_home() {
    if [ -z "$GPGHOMEDIR" ]; then return; fi
    if [ -s "$GPGHOMEDIR/aptwarnings.log" ]; then
	cat >&2 "$GPGHOMEDIR/aptwarnings.log"
    fi
    if command_available 'gpgconf'; then
	GNUPGHOME="${GPGHOMEDIR}" gpgconf --kill all >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
    fi
    rm -rf "$GPGHOMEDIR"
}

# gpg needs (in different versions more or less) files to function correctly,
# so we give it its own homedir and generate some valid content for it later on
create_gpg_home() {
    # for cases in which we want to cache a homedir due to expensive setup
    if [ -n "$GPGHOMEDIR" ]; then
	return
    fi
    if [ -n "$TMPDIR" ]; then
	# tmpdir is a directory and current user has rwx access to it
	# same tests as in apt-pkg/contrib/fileutl.cc GetTempDir()
	if [ ! -d "$TMPDIR" ] || [ ! -r "$TMPDIR" ] || [ ! -w "$TMPDIR" ] || [ ! -x "$TMPDIR" ]; then
	    unset TMPDIR
	fi
    fi
    GPGHOMEDIR="$(mktemp --directory --tmpdir 'apt-key-gpghome.XXXXXXXXXX')"
    CURRENTTRAP="${CURRENTTRAP} cleanup_gpg_home;"
    trap "${CURRENTTRAP}" 0 HUP INT QUIT ILL ABRT FPE SEGV PIPE TERM
    if [ -z "$GPGHOMEDIR" ]; then
	apt_error "Could not create temporary gpg home directory in $TMPDIR (wrong permissions?)"
	exit 28
    fi
    chmod 700 "$GPGHOMEDIR"
}

requires_root() {
	if [ "$(id -u)" -ne 0 ]; then
		apt_error "This command can only be used by root."
		exit 1
	fi
}

command_available() {
    if [ -x "$1" ]; then return 0; fi
    # command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 # not required by policy, see #747320
    # which "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1 # is in debianutils (essential) but not on non-debian systems
    local OLDIFS="$IFS"
    IFS=:
    for p in $PATH; do
	if [ -x "${p}/${1}" ]; then
	    IFS="$OLDIFS"
	    return 0
	fi
    done
    IFS="$OLDIFS"
    return 1
}

escape_shell() {
    echo "$@" | sed -e "s#'#'\"'\"'#g"
}

get_fingerprints_of_keyring() {
    aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$1" --with-colons --fingerprint | while read publine; do
	# search for a public key
	if [ "${publine%%:*}" != 'pub' ]; then continue; fi
	# search for the associated fingerprint (should be the very next line)
	while read fprline; do
	   if [ "${fprline%%:*}" = 'sub' ]; then break; # should never happen
	   elif [ "${fprline%%:*}" != 'fpr' ]; then continue; fi
	   echo "$fprline" | cut -d':' -f 10
	done
	# order in the keyring shouldn't be important
    done | sort
}

add_keys_with_verify_against_master_keyring() {
    ADD_KEYRING="$1"
    MASTER="$2"

    if [ ! -f "$ADD_KEYRING" ]; then
	apt_error "Keyring '$ADD_KEYRING' to be added not found"
	return
    fi
    if [ ! -f "$MASTER" ]; then
	apt_error "Master-Keyring '$MASTER' not found"
	return
    fi

    # when adding new keys, make sure that the archive-master-keyring
    # is honored. so:
    #   all keys that are exported must have a valid signature
    #   from a key in the $distro-master-keyring
    add_keys="$(get_fingerprints_of_keyring "$ADD_KEYRING")"
    all_add_keys="$(aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$ADD_KEYRING" --with-colons --list-keys | grep ^[ps]ub | cut -d: -f5)"
    master_keys="$(aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$MASTER" --with-colons --list-keys | grep ^pub | cut -d: -f5)"

    # ensure there are no colisions LP: #857472
    for all_add_key in $all_add_keys; do
	for master_key in $master_keys; do
            if [ "$all_add_key" = "$master_key" ]; then
                echo >&2 "Keyid collision for '$all_add_key' detected, operation aborted"
                return 1
            fi
        done
    done

    for add_key in $add_keys; do
        # export the add keyring one-by-one
	local TMP_KEYRING="${GPGHOMEDIR}/tmp-keyring.gpg"
	aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --batch --yes --keyring "$ADD_KEYRING" --output "$TMP_KEYRING" --export "$add_key"
	if ! aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --batch --yes --keyring "$TMP_KEYRING" --import "$MASTER" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" 2>&1; then
	    cat >&2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
	    false
	fi
	# check if signed with the master key and only add in this case
	ADDED=0
	for master_key in $master_keys; do
	    if aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$TMP_KEYRING" --check-sigs --with-colons "$add_key" \
	       | grep '^sig:!:' | cut -d: -f5 | grep -q "$master_key"; then
		aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --batch --yes --keyring "$ADD_KEYRING" --export "$add_key" \
		   | aptkey_execute "$GPG" --batch --yes --import
		ADDED=1
	    fi
	done
	if [ $ADDED = 0 ]; then
	    echo >&2 "Key '$add_key' not added. It is not signed with a master key"
	fi
	rm -f "${TMP_KEYRING}"
    done
}

# update the current archive signing keyring from a network URI
# the archive-keyring keys needs to be signed with the master key
# (otherwise it does not make sense from a security POV)
net_update() {
    local APT_DIR='/'
    eval $(apt-config shell APT_DIR Dir)

    # Disabled for now as code is insecure (LP: #1013639 (and 857472, 1013128))
    APT_KEY_NET_UPDATE_ENABLED=""
    eval $(apt-config shell APT_KEY_NET_UPDATE_ENABLED APT::Key::Net-Update-Enabled)
    if [ -z "$APT_KEY_NET_UPDATE_ENABLED" ]; then
        exit 1
    fi

    if [ -z "$ARCHIVE_KEYRING_URI" ]; then
	apt_error 'Your distribution is not supported in net-update as no uri for the archive-keyring is set'
	exit 1
    fi
    # in theory we would need to depend on wget for this, but this feature
    # isn't usable in debian anyway as we have no keyring uri nor a master key
    if ! command_available 'wget'; then
	apt_error 'wget is required for a network-based update, but it is not installed'
	exit 1
    fi
    if [ ! -d "${APT_DIR}/var/lib/apt/keyrings" ]; then
	mkdir -p "${APT_DIR}/var/lib/apt/keyrings"
    fi
    keyring="${APT_DIR}/var/lib/apt/keyrings/$(basename "$ARCHIVE_KEYRING_URI")"
    old_mtime=0
    if [ -e $keyring ]; then
	old_mtime=$(stat -c %Y "$keyring")
    fi
    (cd  "${APT_DIR}/var/lib/apt/keyrings"; wget --timeout=90 -q -N "$ARCHIVE_KEYRING_URI")
    if [ ! -e "$keyring" ]; then
	return
    fi
    new_mtime=$(stat -c %Y "$keyring")
    if [ $new_mtime -ne $old_mtime ]; then
	aptkey_echo "Checking for new archive signing keys now"
	add_keys_with_verify_against_master_keyring "$keyring" "$MASTER_KEYRING"
    fi
}

update() {
    if [ -z "$APT_KEY_DONT_WARN_ON_DANGEROUS_USAGE" ]; then
	echo >&2 "Warning: 'apt-key update' is deprecated and should not be used anymore!"
	if [ -z "$ARCHIVE_KEYRING" ]; then
	    echo >&2 "Note: In your distribution this command is a no-op and can therefore be removed safely."
	    exit 0
	fi
    fi
    if [ ! -f "$ARCHIVE_KEYRING" ]; then
	apt_error "Can't find the archive-keyring (Is the debian-archive-keyring package installed?)"
	exit 1
    fi

    # add new keys from the package;

    # we do not use add_keys_with_verify_against_master_keyring here,
    # because "update" is run on regular package updates.  A
    # attacker might as well replace the master-archive-keyring file
    # in the package and add his own keys. so this check wouldn't
    # add any security. we *need* this check on net-update though
    import_keyring_into_keyring "$ARCHIVE_KEYRING" '' && cat "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"

    if [ -r "$REMOVED_KEYS" ]; then
	# remove no-longer supported/used keys
	get_fingerprints_of_keyring "$(dearmor_filename "$REMOVED_KEYS")" | while read key; do
	    foreach_keyring_do 'remove_key_from_keyring' "$key"
	done
    else
	apt_warn "Removed keys keyring '$REMOVED_KEYS' missing or not readable"
    fi
}

remove_key_from_keyring() {
    local KEYRINGFILE="$1"
    shift
    # non-existent keyrings have by definition no keys
    if [ ! -e "$KEYRINGFILE" ]; then
       return
    fi

    local FINGERPRINTS="${GPGHOMEDIR}/keyringfile.keylst"
    local DEARMOR="$(dearmor_filename "$KEYRINGFILE")"
    get_fingerprints_of_keyring "$DEARMOR" > "$FINGERPRINTS"

    for KEY in "$@"; do
	# strip leading 0x, if present:
	KEY="$(echo "${KEY#0x}" | tr -d ' ')"

	# check if the key is in this keyring
	if ! grep -iq "^[0-9A-F]*${KEY}$" "$FINGERPRINTS"; then
	    continue
	fi
	if [ ! -w "$KEYRINGFILE" ]; then
	    apt_warn "Key ${KEY} is in keyring ${KEYRINGFILE}, but can't be removed as it is read only."
	    continue
	fi
	# check if it is the only key in the keyring and if so remove the keyring altogether
	if [ '1' = "$(uniq "$FINGERPRINTS" | wc -l)" ]; then
	    mv -f "$KEYRINGFILE" "${KEYRINGFILE}~" # behave like gpg
	    return
	fi
	# we can't just modify pointed to files as these might be in /usr or something
	local REALTARGET
	if [ -L "$DEARMOR" ]; then
	    REALTARGET="$(readlink -f "$DEARMOR")"
	    mv -f "$DEARMOR" "${DEARMOR}.dpkg-tmp"
	    cp -a "$REALTARGET" "$DEARMOR"
	fi
	# delete the key from the keyring
	aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$DEARMOR" --batch --delete-keys --yes "$KEY"
	if [ -n "$REALTARGET" ]; then
	    # the real backup is the old link, not the copy we made
	    mv -f "${DEARMOR}.dpkg-tmp" "${DEARMOR}~"
	fi
	if [ "$DEARMOR" != "$KEYRINGFILE" ]; then
	    mv -f "$KEYRINGFILE" "${KEYRINGFILE}~"
	    create_new_keyring "$KEYRINGFILE"
	    aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$DEARMOR" --armor --export > "$KEYRINGFILE"
	fi
	get_fingerprints_of_keyring "$DEARMOR" > "$FINGERPRINTS"
    done
}

accessible_file_exists() {
   if ! test -s "$1"; then
      return 1
   fi
   if test -r "$1"; then
      return 0
   fi
   apt_warn "The key(s) in the keyring $1 are ignored as the file is not readable by user '$USER' executing apt-key."
   return 1
}

is_supported_keyring() {
    # empty files are always supported
    if ! test -s "$1"; then
	return 0
    fi
    local FILEEXT="${1##*.}"
    if [ "$FILEEXT" = 'gpg' ]; then
	# 0x98, 0x99 and 0xC6 via octal as hex isn't supported by dashs printf
	if printf '\231' | cmp --silent --bytes=1 - "$1"; then
	    true
	elif printf '\230' | cmp --silent --bytes=1 - "$1"; then
	    true
	elif printf '\306' | cmp --silent --bytes=1 - "$1"; then
	    true
	else
	    apt_warn "The key(s) in the keyring $1 are ignored as the file has an unsupported filetype."
	    return 1
	fi
    elif [ "$FILEEXT" = 'asc' ]; then
	true #dearmor_filename will deal with them
    else
	# most callers ignore unsupported extensions silently
	apt_warn "The key(s) in the keyring $1 are ignored as the file has an unsupported filename extension."
	return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

foreach_keyring_do() {
   local ACTION="$1"
   shift
   # if a --keyring was given, just work on this one
   if [ -n "$FORCED_KEYRING" ]; then
	$ACTION "$FORCED_KEYRING" "$@"
   else
	# otherwise all known keyrings are up for inspection
	if accessible_file_exists "$TRUSTEDFILE" && is_supported_keyring "$TRUSTEDFILE"; then
	    $ACTION "$TRUSTEDFILE" "$@"
	fi
	local TRUSTEDPARTS="/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d"
	eval "$(apt-config shell TRUSTEDPARTS Dir::Etc::TrustedParts/d)"
	if [ -d "$TRUSTEDPARTS" ]; then
	    TRUSTEDPARTS="$(readlink -f "$TRUSTEDPARTS")"
	    local TRUSTEDPARTSLIST="$(cd /; find "$TRUSTEDPARTS" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \( -name '*.gpg' -o -name '*.asc' \))"
	    for trusted in $(echo "$TRUSTEDPARTSLIST" | sort); do
		if accessible_file_exists "$trusted" && is_supported_keyring "$trusted"; then
		    $ACTION "$trusted" "$@"
		fi
	    done
	fi
   fi
}

list_keys_in_keyring() {
    local KEYRINGFILE="$1"
    shift
    # fingerprint and co will fail if key isn't in this keyring
    aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$(dearmor_filename "$KEYRINGFILE")" "$@" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" 2> "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.err" || true
    if [ ! -s "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" ]; then
	return
    fi
    # we fake gpg header here to refer to the real asc file rather than a temp file
    if [ "${KEYRINGFILE##*.}" = 'asc' ]; then
	if expr match "$(sed -n '2p' "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log")" '^-\+$' >/dev/null 2>&1; then
	    echo "$KEYRINGFILE"
	    echo "$KEYRINGFILE" | sed 's#[^-]#-#g'
	    sed '1,2d' "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" || true
	else
	    cat "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
	fi
    else
	cat "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
    fi
    if [ -s "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.err" ]; then
	cat >&2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.err"
    fi
}

export_key_from_to() {
    local FROM="$1"
    local TO="$2"
    shift 2
    if ! aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$(dearmor_filename "$FROM")" --export "$@" > "$TO" 2> "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"; then
	cat >&2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
	false
    else
	chmod 0644 -- "$TO"
    fi
}

import_keyring_into_keyring() {
    local FROM="${1:-${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg}"
    local TO="${2:-${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg}"
    shift 2
    rm -f "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
    # the idea is simple: We take keys from one keyring and copy it to another
    # we do this with so many checks in between to ensure that WE control the
    # creation, so we know that the (potentially) created $TO keyring is a
    # simple keyring rather than a keybox as gpg2 would create it which in turn
    # can't be read by gpgv.
    # BEWARE: This is designed more in the way to work with the current
    # callers, than to have a well defined it would be easy to add new callers to.
    if [ ! -s "$TO" ]; then
	if [ -s "$FROM" ]; then
	    if [ -z "$2" ]; then
		local OPTS
		if [ "${TO##*.}" = 'asc' ]; then
		    OPTS='--armor'
		fi
		export_key_from_to "$(dearmor_filename "$FROM")" "$TO" $OPTS ${1:+"$1"}
	    else
		create_new_keyring "$TO"
	    fi
	else
	    create_new_keyring "$TO"
	fi
    elif [ -s "$FROM" ]; then
	local EXPORTLIMIT="$1"
	if [ -n "$1$2" ]; then shift; fi
	local DEARMORTO="$(dearmor_filename "$TO")"
	if ! aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$(dearmor_filename "$FROM")" --export ${EXPORTLIMIT:+"$EXPORTLIMIT"} \
	   | aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "$DEARMORTO" --batch --import "$@" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" 2>&1; then
	    cat >&2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
	    false
	fi
	if [ "$DEARMORTO" != "$TO" ]; then
	    export_key_from_to "$DEARMORTO" "${DEARMORTO}.asc" --armor
	    if ! cmp -s "$TO" "${DEARMORTO}.asc" 2>/dev/null; then
		cp -a "$TO" "${TO}~"
		mv -f "${DEARMORTO}.asc" "$TO"
	    fi
	fi
    fi
}

dearmor_keyring() {
    # https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=831409#67
    # The awk script is more complex through to skip surrounding garbage and
    # to support multiple keys in one file (old gpgs generate version headers
    # which get printed with the original and hence result in garbage input for base64
    awk '/^-----BEGIN/{ x = 1; }
/^$/{ if (x == 1) { x = 2; }; }
/^[^=-]/{ if (x == 2) { print $0; }; }
/^-----END/{ x = 0; }' | base64 -d
}
dearmor_filename() {
    if [ "${1##*.}" = 'asc' ]; then
	local trusted="${GPGHOMEDIR}/${1##*/}.gpg"
	if [ -s "$1" ]; then
	    dearmor_keyring < "$1" > "$trusted"
	fi
	echo "$trusted"
    elif [ "${1##*.}" = 'gpg' ]; then
	echo "$1"
    elif [ "$(head -n 1 "$1" 2>/dev/null)" = '-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----' ]; then
	local trusted="${GPGHOMEDIR}/${1##*/}.gpg"
	dearmor_keyring < "$1" > "$trusted"
	echo "$trusted"
    else
	echo "$1"
    fi
}
catfile() {
    cat "$(dearmor_filename "$1")" >> "$2"
}

merge_all_trusted_keyrings_into_pubring() {
    # does the same as:
    # foreach_keyring_do 'import_keys_from_keyring' "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg"
    # but without using gpg, just cat and find
    local PUBRING="$(readlink -f "${GPGHOMEDIR}")/pubring.gpg"
    rm -f "$PUBRING"
    touch "$PUBRING"
    foreach_keyring_do 'catfile' "$PUBRING"
}

import_keys_from_keyring() {
    import_keyring_into_keyring "$1" "$2"
}

merge_keys_into_keyrings() {
    import_keyring_into_keyring "$2" "$1" '' --import-options 'merge-only'
}

merge_back_changes() {
    if [ -n "$FORCED_KEYRING" ]; then
	# if the keyring was forced merge is already done
	if [ "$FORCED_KEYRING" != "$TRUSTEDFILE" ]; then
	    mv -f "$FORCED_KEYRING" "${FORCED_KEYRING}~"
	    export_key_from_to "$TRUSTEDFILE" "$FORCED_KEYRING" --armor
	fi
	return
    fi
    if [ -s "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" ]; then
	# merge all updated keys
	foreach_keyring_do 'merge_keys_into_keyrings' "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg"
    fi
    # look for keys which were added or removed
    get_fingerprints_of_keyring "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.orig.gpg" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.orig.keylst"
    get_fingerprints_of_keyring "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.keylst"
    comm -3 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.keylst" "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.orig.keylst" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.diff"
    # key isn't part of new keyring, so remove
    cut -f 2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.diff" | while read key; do
	if [ -z "$key" ]; then continue; fi
	foreach_keyring_do 'remove_key_from_keyring' "$key"
    done
    # key is only part of new keyring, so we need to import it
    cut -f 1 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.diff" | while read key; do
	if [ -z "$key" ]; then continue; fi
	import_keyring_into_keyring '' "$TRUSTEDFILE" "$key"
    done
}

setup_merged_keyring() {
    if [ -n "$FORCED_KEYID" ]; then
	merge_all_trusted_keyrings_into_pubring
	FORCED_KEYRING="${GPGHOMEDIR}/forcedkeyid.gpg"
	TRUSTEDFILE="${FORCED_KEYRING}"
	echo "#!/bin/sh
exec sh '($(escape_shell "${GPG}")' --keyring '$(escape_shell "${TRUSTEDFILE}")' \"\$@\"" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.1.sh"
	GPG="${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.1.sh"
	# ignore error as this "just" means we haven't found the forced keyid and the keyring will be empty
	import_keyring_into_keyring '' "$TRUSTEDFILE" "$FORCED_KEYID" || true
    elif [ -z "$FORCED_KEYRING" ]; then
	merge_all_trusted_keyrings_into_pubring
	if [ -r "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" ]; then
	    cp -a "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.orig.gpg"
	else
	   touch "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.orig.gpg"
	fi
	echo "#!/bin/sh
exec sh '$(escape_shell "${GPG}")' --keyring '$(escape_shell "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg")' \"\$@\"" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.1.sh"
	GPG="${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.1.sh"
    else
	TRUSTEDFILE="$(dearmor_filename "$FORCED_KEYRING")"
	create_new_keyring "$TRUSTEDFILE"
	echo "#!/bin/sh
exec sh '$(escape_shell "${GPG}")' --keyring '$(escape_shell "${TRUSTEDFILE}")' \"\$@\"" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.1.sh"
	GPG="${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.1.sh"
    fi
}

create_new_keyring() {
    # gpg defaults to mode 0600 for new keyrings. Create one with 0644 instead.
    if ! [ -e "$1" ]; then
	if [ -w "$(dirname "$1")" ]; then
	    touch -- "$1"
	    chmod 0644 -- "$1"
	fi
    fi
}

aptkey_execute() { sh "$@"; }

usage() {
    echo "Usage: apt-key [--keyring file] [command] [arguments]"
    echo
    echo "Manage apt's list of trusted keys"
    echo
    echo "  apt-key add <file>          - add the key contained in <file> ('-' for stdin)"
    echo "  apt-key del <keyid>         - remove the key <keyid>"
    echo "  apt-key export <keyid>      - output the key <keyid>"
    echo "  apt-key exportall           - output all trusted keys"
    echo "  apt-key update              - update keys using the keyring package"
    echo "  apt-key net-update          - update keys using the network"
    echo "  apt-key list                - list keys"
    echo "  apt-key finger              - list fingerprints"
    echo "  apt-key adv                 - pass advanced options to gpg (download key)"
    echo
    echo "If no specific keyring file is given the command applies to all keyring files."
}

while [ -n "$1" ]; do
   case "$1" in
      --keyring)
	 shift
	 if [ -z "$FORCED_KEYRING" -o "$FORCED_KEYRING" = '/dev/null' ]; then
	     TRUSTEDFILE="$1"
	     FORCED_KEYRING="$1"
	 elif [ "$TRUSTEDFILE" = "$FORCED_KEYRING" ]; then
	     create_gpg_home
	     FORCED_KEYRING="${GPGHOMEDIR}/mergedkeyrings.gpg"
	     echo -n '' > "$FORCED_KEYRING"
	     chmod 0644 -- "$FORCED_KEYRING"
	     catfile "$TRUSTEDFILE" "$FORCED_KEYRING"
	     catfile "$1" "$FORCED_KEYRING"
	 else
	     catfile "$1" "$FORCED_KEYRING"
	 fi
	 ;;
      --keyid)
	 shift
	 if [ -n "$FORCED_KEYID" ]; then
	     apt_error 'Specifying --keyid multiple times is not supported'
	     exit 1
	 fi
	 FORCED_KEYID="$1"
	 ;;
      --secret-keyring)
	 shift
	 FORCED_SECRET_KEYRING="$1"
	 ;;
      --readonly)
	 merge_back_changes() { true; }
	 create_new_keyring() { if [ ! -r "$FORCED_KEYRING" ]; then TRUSTEDFILE='/dev/null'; FORCED_KEYRING="$TRUSTEDFILE"; fi; }
	 ;;
      --fakeroot)
	 requires_root() { true; }
	 ;;
      --quiet)
	 aptkey_echo() { true; }
	 ;;
      --debug1)
	 # some cmds like finger redirect stderr to /dev/null …
	aptkey_execute() { echo 'EXEC:' "$@"; sh "$@"; }
	;;
      --debug2)
	 # … other more complicated ones pipe gpg into gpg.
	aptkey_execute() { echo >&2 'EXEC:' "$@"; sh "$@"; }
	;;
      --homedir)
	 # force usage of a specific homedir instead of creating a temporary
	 shift
	 GPGHOMEDIR="$1"
	;;
      --*)
	 echo >&2 "Unknown option: $1"
	 usage
	 exit 1;;
      *)
	 break;;
   esac
   shift
done

if [ -z "$TRUSTEDFILE" ]; then
   TRUSTEDFILE="/etc/apt/trusted.gpg"
   eval $(apt-config shell TRUSTEDFILE Apt::GPGV::TrustedKeyring)
   eval $(apt-config shell TRUSTEDFILE Dir::Etc::Trusted/f)
fi

command="$1"
if [ -z "$command" ]; then
    usage
    exit 1
fi
shift

prepare_gpg_home() {
    # crude detection if we are called from a maintainerscript where the
    # package depends on gnupg or not. We accept recommends here as
    # well as the script hopefully uses apt-key optionally then like e.g.
    # debian-archive-keyring for (upgrade) cleanup did
    if [ -n "$DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE" ] && [ -z "$APT_KEY_DONT_WARN_ON_DANGEROUS_USAGE" ]; then
	if ! dpkg-query --show --showformat '${Pre-Depends}${Depends}${Recommends}\n' "$DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE" 2>/dev/null | grep -E -q 'gpg|gnupg'; then
	    cat >&2 <<EOF
Warning: The $DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_NAME maintainerscript of the package $DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE
Warning: seems to use apt-key (provided by apt) without depending on gpg, gnupg, or gnupg2.
Warning: This will BREAK in the future and should be fixed by the package maintainer(s).
Note: Check first if apt-key functionality is needed at all - it probably isn't!
EOF
	fi
    fi
    eval "$(apt-config shell GPG_EXE Apt::Key::gpgcommand)"
    if [ -n "$GPG_EXE" ] && command_available "$GPG_EXE"; then
	true
    elif command_available 'gpg'; then
	GPG_EXE="gpg"
    elif command_available 'gpg2'; then
	GPG_EXE="gpg2"
    elif command_available 'gpg1'; then
	GPG_EXE="gpg1"
    else
	apt_error 'gnupg, gnupg2 and gnupg1 do not seem to be installed, but one of them is required for this operation'
	exit 255
    fi

    create_gpg_home

    # now tell gpg that it shouldn't try to maintain this trustdb file
    echo "#!/bin/sh
exec '$(escape_shell "${GPG_EXE}")' --ignore-time-conflict --no-options --no-default-keyring \\
--homedir '$(escape_shell "${GPGHOMEDIR}")' --no-auto-check-trustdb --trust-model always \"\$@\"" > "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.0.sh"
    GPG_SH="${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpg.0.sh"
    GPG="$GPG_SH"

    # create the trustdb with an (empty) dummy keyring
    # older gpgs required it, newer gpgs even warn that it isn't needed,
    # but require it nonetheless for some commands, so we just play safe
    # here for the foreseeable future and create a dummy one
    touch "${GPGHOMEDIR}/empty.gpg"
    if ! "$GPG_EXE" --ignore-time-conflict --no-options --no-default-keyring \
       --homedir "$GPGHOMEDIR" --quiet --check-trustdb --keyring "${GPGHOMEDIR}/empty.gpg" >"${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" 2>&1; then
       cat >&2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
       false
    fi

    # We don't usually need a secret keyring, of course, but
    # for advanced operations, we might really need a secret keyring after all
    if [ -n "$FORCED_SECRET_KEYRING" ] && [ -r "$FORCED_SECRET_KEYRING" ]; then
	if ! aptkey_execute "$GPG" -v --batch --import "$FORCED_SECRET_KEYRING" >"${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log" 2>&1; then
	    # already imported keys cause gpg1 to fail for some reason… ignore this error
	    if ! grep -q 'already in secret keyring' "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"; then
		cat >&2 "${GPGHOMEDIR}/gpgoutput.log"
		false
	    fi
	fi
    else
       # and then, there are older versions of gpg which panic and implode
       # if there isn't one available - and writeable for imports
       # and even if not output is littered with the creation of a secring,
       # so lets call import once to have it create what it wants in silence
       echo -n | aptkey_execute "$GPG" --batch --import >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
    fi
}

warn_on_script_usage() {
    if [ -n "$APT_KEY_DONT_WARN_ON_DANGEROUS_USAGE" ]; then
	return
    fi
    # (Maintainer) scripts should not be using apt-key
    if [ -n "$DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE" ]; then
	echo >&2 "Warning: apt-key should not be used in scripts (called from $DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_NAME maintainerscript of the package ${DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE})"
    fi

    echo >&2 "Warning: apt-key is deprecated. Manage keyring files in trusted.gpg.d instead (see apt-key(8))."
}

warn_outside_maintscript() {
    # In del, we want to warn in interactive use, but not inside maintainer
    # scripts, so as to give people a chance to migrate keyrings.
    #
    # FIXME: We should always warn starting in 2022.
    if [ -z "$DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE" ]; then
	echo >&2 "Warning: apt-key is deprecated. Manage keyring files in trusted.gpg.d instead (see apt-key(8))."
    fi
}

if [ "$command" != 'help' ] && [ "$command" != 'verify' ]; then
    prepare_gpg_home
fi

case "$command" in
    add)
	warn_on_script_usage
	requires_root
	setup_merged_keyring
	aptkey_execute "$GPG" --quiet --batch --import "$@"
	merge_back_changes
	aptkey_echo "OK"
        ;;
    del|rm|remove)
	# no script warning here as removing 'add' usage needs 'del' for cleanup
	warn_outside_maintscript
	requires_root
	foreach_keyring_do 'remove_key_from_keyring' "$@"
	aptkey_echo "OK"
        ;;
    update)
	warn_on_script_usage
	requires_root
	setup_merged_keyring
	update
	merge_back_changes
	;;
    net-update)
	warn_on_script_usage
	requires_root
	setup_merged_keyring
	net_update
	merge_back_changes
	;;
    list|finger*)
	warn_on_script_usage
	foreach_keyring_do 'list_keys_in_keyring' --fingerprint "$@"
	;;
    export|exportall)
	warn_on_script_usage
	merge_all_trusted_keyrings_into_pubring
	aptkey_execute "$GPG_SH" --keyring "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" --armor --export "$@"
	;;
    adv*)
	warn_on_script_usage
	setup_merged_keyring
	aptkey_echo "Executing: $GPG" "$@"
	aptkey_execute "$GPG" "$@"
	merge_back_changes
	;;
    verify)
	GPGV=''
	eval $(apt-config shell GPGV Apt::Key::gpgvcommand)
	if [ -n "$GPGV" ] && command_available "$GPGV"; then true;
	elif command_available 'gpgv'; then GPGV='gpgv';
	elif command_available 'gpgv2'; then GPGV='gpgv2';
	elif command_available 'gpgv1'; then GPGV='gpgv1';
	else
	   apt_error 'gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed'
	   exit 29
	fi
	# for a forced keyid we need gpg --export, so full wrapping required
	if [ -n "$FORCED_KEYID" ]; then
	    prepare_gpg_home
	else
	    create_gpg_home
	fi
	setup_merged_keyring
	if [ -n "$FORCED_KEYRING" ]; then
	    "$GPGV" --homedir "${GPGHOMEDIR}" --keyring "$(dearmor_filename "${FORCED_KEYRING}")" --ignore-time-conflict "$@"
	else
	    "$GPGV" --homedir "${GPGHOMEDIR}" --keyring "${GPGHOMEDIR}/pubring.gpg" --ignore-time-conflict "$@"
	fi
	;;
    help)
        usage
        ;;
    *)
        usage
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

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