Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/bash
set -f
VERBOSITY=0
SUPPORTED_VCS="bzr hg git url"
RET_UNCLAIMED=3
RET_SUCCESS=0
RET_FAIL=1
DEF_COMMAND="vcs_run"
Usage() {
cat <<EOF
Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] repo-url [command [arguments]]
obtain repository from repo-url, and execute 'command' with 'arguments'
Command will default to '$DEF_COMMAND' in the top level of the repository.
options:
-t | --target DIR checkout branch to DIR [./(basename repo)]
--vcs-type V repo-url is of type 'V' [auto]
supported: auto $SUPPORTED_VCS
-v | --verbose increase verbosity
-D | --deps attempt to install dependencies if necessary
Example:
* run 'stack.sh' in git://github.com/openstack-dev/devstack.git
vcs-run --deps git://github.com/openstack-dev/devstack.git stack.sh
* build cloud-utils
vcs-run --deps lp:cloud-utils -- ./tools/build-deb -us -uc
EOF
}
bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; return 1; }
error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
debug() {
local level=${1}; shift;
[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
error "${@}"
}
has_cmd() {
command -v "$1" >/dev/null 2>&1
}
get_cmd() {
# get_cmd(cmd, get_deps, packages)
# get command 'cmd' if necessary by installing 'packages'
# if 'get_deps' is false, then return error.
local cmd="$1" deps="$2"
shift 2
has_cmd "$1" && return 0
$deps || { error "No cmd '$cmd', but nodeps specified"; return 1; }
apt_install "$@"
}
apt_install() {
local cmd=""
cmd=( env DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get --quiet
--assume-yes install "$@" )
[ "$(id -u)" = "0" ] ||
cmd=( sudo "${cmd[@]}" )
debug 1 "installing dependencies:" "${cmd[@]}"
"${cmd[@]}"
}
vcsget_bzr() {
# deps type src target cmd
local deps="$1" rtype="$2" src="$3" target="$4" tmp=""
if [ "$rtype" = "auto" ]; then
case "$src" in
*.bzr|bzr:*|lp:*) :;;
*)
if ! [ -d "$src" -a -d "$src/.bzr" ]; then
return $RET_UNCLAIMED
fi
src=$(cd "$src" && pwd) || return $RET_FAIL
;;
esac
fi
get_cmd bzr "$deps" bzr || return $RET_FAIL
if [ -z "$target" ]; then
case "$src" in
*/*) tmp="${src##*/}";;
*:*) tmp="${src#*:}";;
*) tmp="$src"
esac
target="${tmp%.bzr}"
fi
local cmd="" q="--quiet"
[ $VERBOSITY -gt 1 ] && q=""
if [ -d "$target/.bzr" ]; then
debug 1 "updating $target: bzr pull ${q:+$q }$src"
( cd "$target" && bzr pull $q "$src" )
else
debug 1 "branching to $target: bzr branch ${q:+$q }$src"
bzr branch $q "$src" "$target"
fi
[ $? -eq 0 ] || return $RET_FAIL
_RET="$target"
return 0
}
vcsget_git() {
# deps type src target cmd
local deps="$1" rtype="$2" src="$3" target="$4" tmp=""
if [ "$rtype" = "auto" ]; then
case "$src" in
*.git|git:*) :;;
*)
if ! [ -d "$src" -a -d "$src/.git" ]; then
return $RET_UNCLAIMED
fi
src=$(cd "$src" && pwd) || return $RET_FAIL
;;
esac
fi
get_cmd git "$deps" git || return $RET_FAIL
if [ -z "$target" ]; then
tmp="${src##*/}"
target="${tmp%.git}"
fi
local q="--quiet"
[ $VERBOSITY -gt 1 ] && q=""
if [ -d "$target/.git" ]; then
debug 1 "updating $target: git pull ${q:+$q }${src}"
( cd "$target" && git pull $q "$src" )
else
debug 1 "cloning to $target: git clone ${q:+$q }$src $target"
git clone $q "$src" "$target" || return $RET_FAIL
fi
[ $? -eq 0 ] || return $RET_FAIL
_RET="$target"
return 0
}
vcsget_hg() {
# deps type src target cmd
local deps="$1" rtype="$2" src="$3" target="$4" tmp=""
if [ "$rtype" = "auto" ]; then
case "$src" in
*.hg|hg:*) :;;
*) return $RET_UNCLAIMED;;
esac
fi
get_cmd hg "$deps" mercurial || return $RET_FAIL
if [ -z "$target" ]; then
tmp="${src##*/}"
target="${tmp%.hg}"
fi
local quiet="--quiet"
[ $VERBOSITY -gt 1 ] && quiet=""
hg clone $quiet "$src" "$target" || return $RET_FAIL
_RET="$target"
return 0
}
vcsget_url() {
# deps type src target cmd
# if target is not specified, target directory is md5sum
# of the url. If cmd does not start with a /, then use it
# as the output filename. If it does start with a /, then
# store the url in DEF_COMMAND in this directory.
local deps="$1" rtype="$2" src="$3" target="$4" cmd="$5" tmp=""
if [ "$rtype" = "auto" ]; then
case "$src" in
http://*|https://*) :;;
*) return $RET_UNCLAIMED;;
esac
fi
get_cmd wget "$deps" wget || return $RET_FAIL
if [ -z "$target" ]; then
target=$(echo "$src" | md5sum)
target=${target% -}
fi
local cmdname="$cmd"
if [ "${cmd#/}" != "$cmd" ]; then
cmdname="./$DEF_COMMAND"
fi
local quiet="--quiet"
[ $VERBOSITY -gt 1 ] && quiet=""
mkdir -p "$target" ||
{ error "failed mkdir -p '$target'"; return $RET_FAIL; }
debug 1 "wget -O '$target/$cmdname' '$src'"
wget $quiet -O "$target/$cmdname" "$src" || {
error "failed wget -O '$target/$cmdname' '$src'"
return $RET_FAIL
}
_RET="$target"
return 0
}
main() {
local short_opts="hDt:v"
local long_opts="help,deps,target:,vcs-type:,verbose"
local getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
eval set -- "${getopt_out}" ||
{ bad_Usage; return; }
local cur="" next="" target="" rtype="auto" tmp=""
local def_target="" deps="" getdeps=false arg0=""
while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
cur="$1"; next="$2";
case "$cur" in
-h|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
-D|--deps) getdeps=true;;
-t|--target) target=$next; shift;;
--vcs-type) rtype=$next; shift;;
-v|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
--) shift; break;;
esac
shift;
done
[ $# -gt 0 ] || { bad_Usage "must provide at least repo"; return; }
src_repo="$1"
shift
[ -n "$src_repo" ] || { error "empty source repo?"; return 1; }
if [ -n "$target" ]; then
tmp=$(dirname "${target}")
[ -d "$tmp" ] || mkdir -p "$tmp" ||
{ error "failed to create $tmp for '$target'"; return 1; }
fi
if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
set -- "$DEF_COMMAND"
fi
arg0="$1"
local vcs vcslist="${SUPPORTED_VCS}"
[ "$rtype" = "auto" ] || vcslist="$rtype"
local workd=""
for vcs in $vcslist; do
has_cmd "vcsget_$vcs" ||
{ error "unknown vcs type '$vcs'"; return 1; }
"vcsget_$vcs" "$getdeps" "$rtype" "$src_repo" "$target" "$arg0"
ret=$?
case "$ret" in
$RET_UNCLAIMED) :;; # not claimed
$RET_SUCCESS) workd="$_RET"; break;;
*) error "failed to get '$src_repo' of type '$vcs'";
return $ret;;
esac
done
[ -d "$workd" ] ||
{ error "unknown source repo '$src_repo'"; return 1; }
cd "$workd" ||
{ error "failed to enter target dir '$workd'"; return 1; }
if [ -f "./$1" ]; then
if [ ! -x "./$1" ]; then
debug 1 "adding execute to ./$1"
chmod ugo+x "./$1" ||
{ error "failed add execute to ./$1"; return 1; }
fi
tmp="./$1"
shift
set -- "$tmp" "$@"
elif ! has_cmd "$1"; then
error "command '$1' not available anywhere"
return 1
fi
debug 1 "executing command in $PWD:" "$@"
exec "$@"
}
main "$@"
# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab
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