Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#! /usr/bin/python3
# vim: et ts=4 sw=4
# Copyright © 2010-2012 Piotr Ożarowski <piotr@debian.org>
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
import logging
import optparse
import sys
# glob1() is not in the public documentation, UTSL.
from glob import glob1
from os import environ, remove, rmdir
from os.path import dirname, basename, exists, join, splitext
sys.path.insert(1, '/usr/share/python3/')
from debpython import files as dpf
from debpython.interpreter import Interpreter
from debpython.version import SUPPORTED, getver, vrepr
# initialize script
logging.basicConfig(format='%(levelname).1s: %(module)s:%(lineno)d: '
'%(message)s')
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
"""TODO: move it to manpage
Examples:
py3clean -p python3-mako # all .py[co] files and __pycache__ directories from the package
py3clean /usr/lib/python3.1/dist-packages # python3.1
py3clean -V 3.3 /usr/lib/python3/ # python 3.3 only
py3clean -V 3.3 /usr/lib/foo/bar.py # bar/__pycache__/bar.cpython-33.py[co]
py3clean /usr/lib/python3/ # all Python 3.X
"""
def get_magic_tag_to_remove(version):
"""Returns magic tag or True if all of them should be removed."""
i = Interpreter('python')
map_ = {}
for v in SUPPORTED:
try:
map_[v] = i.magic_tag(v)
except Exception:
log.debug('magic tag for %s not recognized', vrepr(v), exc_info=True)
if version not in map_:
try:
map_[version] = i.magic_tag(version)
except Exception as e:
log.error('cannot find magic tag for Python %s: %s', vrepr(version), e)
exit(4)
tag = map_[version]
# skip shared tags
for v, t in map_.items():
if v == version:
continue
if t == tag:
log.info('magic tag(s) used by python%s. Nothing to remove.',
vrepr(v))
exit(0)
log.debug('magic tags to remove: %s', tag)
return tag
def destroyer(magic_tag=None): # ;-)
"""Remove every .py[co] file associated to received .py file.
:param magic_tag:
* If None, removes all associated .py[co] files from __pycache__
directory. If the resulting directory is empty, and is not a system
site package, then the directory is also removed.
* If False, removes python3.1's .pyc files only
* Otherwise removes given magic tag from __pycache__ directory. If
the resulting directory is empty, and is not a system site package,
then the directory is also removed.
:type magic_tag: None or False or str
"""
if magic_tag is None:
# remove compiled files in __pycache__ directory
def find_files_to_remove(pyfile):
directory = join(dirname(pyfile), '__pycache__')
fname = splitext(basename(pyfile))[0]
for fn in glob1(directory, "%s.*" % fname):
yield join(directory, fn)
# remove "classic" .pyc files as well
for filename in ("%sc" % pyfile, "%so" % pyfile):
if exists(filename):
yield filename
# workaround for http://bugs.python.org/issue22966
if '.' in fname:
sane_fname = join(dirname(pyfile), fname.split('.', 1)[0])
for fn in find_files_to_remove(sane_fname):
yield join(directory, fn)
elif magic_tag is False:
# remove 3.1's .pyc files only
def find_files_to_remove(pyfile): # NOQA
for filename in ("%sc" % pyfile, "%so" % pyfile):
if exists(filename):
yield filename
else:
# remove .pyc files for no longer needed magic tags
def find_files_to_remove(pyfile): # NOQA
directory = join(dirname(pyfile), '__pycache__')
fname = splitext(basename(pyfile))[0]
for fn in glob1(directory, "%s.%s.py[co]" % (fname, magic_tag)):
yield join(directory, fn)
# workaround for http://bugs.python.org/issue22966
if '.' in fname:
sane_fname = join(dirname(pyfile), fname.split('.', 1)[0])
for fn in find_files_to_remove(sane_fname):
yield join(directory, fn)
def myremove(fname):
remove(fname)
directory = dirname(fname)
# remove __pycache__ directory if it's empty
if directory.endswith('__pycache__'):
try:
rmdir(directory)
except Exception:
pass
counter = 0
try:
while True:
pyfile = (yield)
for filename in find_files_to_remove(pyfile):
try:
myremove(filename)
counter += 1
except (IOError, OSError) as e:
log.error('cannot remove %s', filename)
log.debug(e)
except GeneratorExit:
log.info("removed files: %s", counter)
def main():
usage = '%prog [-V VERSION] [-p PACKAGE] [DIR_OR_FILE]'
parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage, version='%prog 3.9.2-3')
parser.add_option('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true', dest='verbose',
help='turn verbose mode on')
parser.add_option('-q', '--quiet', action='store_false', dest='verbose',
default=False, help='be quiet')
parser.add_option('-p', '--package',
help='specify Debian package name to clean')
parser.add_option('-V', dest='version',
help='specify Python version to clean')
(options, args) = parser.parse_args()
if options.verbose or environ.get('PYCLEAN_DEBUG') == '1':
log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
log.debug('argv: %s', sys.argv)
log.debug('options: %s', options)
log.debug('args: %s', args)
else:
log.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
if options.version:
if options.version.endswith('3.1'): # 3.1, -3.1
magic_tag = False
else:
magic_tag = get_magic_tag_to_remove(getver(options.version))
d = destroyer(magic_tag)
else:
d = destroyer() # remove everything
next(d) # initialize coroutine
if not options.package and not args:
parser.print_usage()
exit(1)
if options.package:
log.info('cleaning package %s', options.package)
pfiles = set(dpf.from_package(options.package))
if args:
log.info('cleaning directories: %s', args)
files = set(dpf.from_directory(args))
if options.package:
files = files & pfiles
else:
files = pfiles
for filename in files:
d.send(filename)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
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