Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/perl
eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -S $0 ${1+"$@"}'
if $running_under_some_shell;
# perlivp v5.32.1
BEGIN { pop @INC if $INC[-1] eq '.' }
sub usage {
warn "@_\n" if @_;
print << " EOUSAGE";
Usage:
$0 [-p] [-v] | [-h]
-p Print a preface before each test telling what it will test.
-v Verbose mode in which extra information about test results
is printed. Test failures always print out some extra information
regardless of whether or not this switch is set.
-h Prints this help message.
EOUSAGE
exit;
}
use vars qw(%opt); # allow testing with older versions (do not use our)
@opt{ qw/? H h P p V v/ } = qw(0 0 0 0 0 0 0);
while ($ARGV[0] =~ /^-/) {
$ARGV[0] =~ s/^-//;
for my $flag (split(//,$ARGV[0])) {
usage() if '?' =~ /\Q$flag/;
usage() if 'h' =~ /\Q$flag/;
usage() if 'H' =~ /\Q$flag/;
usage("unknown flag: '$flag'") unless 'HhPpVv' =~ /\Q$flag/;
warn "$0: '$flag' flag already set\n" if $opt{$flag}++;
}
shift;
}
$opt{p}++ if $opt{P};
$opt{v}++ if $opt{V};
my $pass__total = 0;
my $error_total = 0;
my $tests_total = 0;
my $perlpath = '/usr/bin/perl';
my $useithreads = 'define';
print "## Checking Perl binary via variable '\$perlpath' = $perlpath.\n" if $opt{'p'};
my $label = 'Executable perl binary';
if (-x $perlpath) {
print "## Perl binary '$perlpath' appears executable.\n" if $opt{'v'};
print "ok 1 $label\n";
$pass__total++;
}
else {
print "# Perl binary '$perlpath' does not appear executable.\n";
print "not ok 1 $label\n";
$error_total++;
}
$tests_total++;
print "## Checking Perl version via variable '\$]'.\n" if $opt{'p'};
my $ivp_VERSION = "5.032001";
$label = 'Perl version correct';
if ($ivp_VERSION eq $]) {
print "## Perl version '$]' appears installed as expected.\n" if $opt{'v'};
print "ok 2 $label\n";
$pass__total++;
}
else {
print "# Perl version '$]' installed, expected $ivp_VERSION.\n";
print "not ok 2 $label\n";
$error_total++;
}
$tests_total++;
# We have the right perl and version, so now reset @INC so we ignore
# PERL5LIB and '.'
{
local $ENV{PERL5LIB};
my $perl_V = qx($perlpath -V);
$perl_V =~ s{.*\@INC:\n}{}ms;
@INC = grep { length && $_ ne '.' } split ' ', $perl_V;
}
print "## Checking roots of the Perl library directory tree via variable '\@INC'.\n" if $opt{'p'};
my $INC_total = 0;
my $INC_there = 0;
foreach (@INC) {
next if $_ eq '.'; # skip -d test here
next if m|/usr/local|; # not shipped on Debian
if (-d $_) {
print "## Perl \@INC directory '$_' exists.\n" if $opt{'v'};
$INC_there++;
}
else {
print "# Perl \@INC directory '$_' does not appear to exist.\n";
}
$INC_total++;
}
$label = '@INC directories exist';
if ($INC_total == $INC_there) {
print "ok 3 $label\n";
$pass__total++;
}
else {
print "not ok 3 $label\n";
$error_total++;
}
$tests_total++;
print "## Checking installations of modules necessary for ivp.\n" if $opt{'p'};
my $needed_total = 0;
my $needed_there = 0;
foreach (qw(Config.pm ExtUtils/Installed.pm)) {
$@ = undef;
$needed_total++;
eval "require \"$_\";";
if (!$@) {
print "## Module '$_' appears to be installed.\n" if $opt{'v'};
$needed_there++;
}
else {
print "# Needed module '$_' does not appear to be properly installed.\n";
}
$@ = undef;
}
$label = 'Modules needed for rest of perlivp exist';
if ($needed_total == $needed_there) {
print "ok 4 $label\n";
$pass__total++;
}
else {
print "not ok 4 $label\n";
$error_total++;
}
$tests_total++;
print "## Checking installations of extensions built with perl.\n" if $opt{'p'};
use Config;
my $extensions_total = 0;
my $extensions_there = 0;
if (defined($Config{'extensions'})) {
my @extensions = split(/\s+/,$Config{'extensions'});
foreach (@extensions) {
next if ($_ eq '');
if ( $useithreads !~ /define/i ) {
next if ($_ eq 'threads');
next if ($_ eq 'threads/shared');
}
# that's a distribution name, not a module name
next if $_ eq 'IO/Compress';
next if $_ eq 'Devel/DProf';
next if $_ eq 'libnet';
next if $_ eq 'Locale/Codes';
next if $_ eq 'podlators';
next if $_ eq 'perlfaq';
# test modules
next if $_ eq 'XS/APItest';
next if $_ eq 'XS/Typemap';
# VMS$ perl -e "eval ""require \""Devel/DProf.pm\"";"" print $@"
# \NT> perl -e "eval \"require './Devel/DProf.pm'\"; print $@"
# DProf: run perl with -d to use DProf.
# Compilation failed in require at (eval 1) line 1.
eval " require \"$_.pm\"; ";
if (!$@) {
print "## Module '$_' appears to be installed.\n" if $opt{'v'};
$extensions_there++;
}
else {
print "# Required module '$_' does not appear to be properly installed.\n";
$@ = undef;
}
$extensions_total++;
}
# A silly name for a module (that hopefully won't ever exist).
# Note that this test serves more as a check of the validity of the
# actual required module tests above.
my $unnecessary = 'bLuRfle';
if (!grep(/$unnecessary/, @extensions)) {
$@ = undef;
eval " require \"$unnecessary.pm\"; ";
if ($@) {
print "## Unnecessary module '$unnecessary' does not appear to be installed.\n" if $opt{'v'};
}
else {
print "# Unnecessary module '$unnecessary' appears to be installed.\n";
$extensions_there++;
}
}
$@ = undef;
}
$label = 'All (and only) expected extensions installed';
if ($extensions_total == $extensions_there) {
print "ok 5 $label\n";
$pass__total++;
}
else {
print "not ok 5 $label\n";
$error_total++;
}
$tests_total++;
print "## Checking installations of later additional extensions.\n" if $opt{'p'};
use ExtUtils::Installed;
my $installed_total = 0;
my $installed_there = 0;
my $version_check = 0;
my $installed = ExtUtils::Installed -> new();
my @modules = $installed -> modules();
my @missing = ();
my $version = undef;
for (@modules) {
$installed_total++;
# Consider it there if it contains one or more files,
# and has zero missing files,
# and has a defined version
$version = undef;
$version = $installed -> version($_);
if ($version) {
print "## $_; $version\n" if $opt{'v'};
$version_check++;
}
else {
print "# $_; NO VERSION\n" if $opt{'v'};
}
$version = undef;
@missing = ();
@missing = $installed -> validate($_);
# .bs files are optional
@missing = grep { ! /\.bs$/ } @missing;
# man files are often compressed
@missing = grep { ! ( -s "$_.gz" || -s "$_.bz2" ) } @missing;
if ($#missing >= 0) {
print "# file",+($#missing == 0) ? '' : 's'," missing from installation:\n";
print '# ',join(' ',@missing),"\n";
}
elsif ($#missing == -1) {
$installed_there++;
}
@missing = ();
}
$label = 'Module files correctly installed';
if (($installed_total == $installed_there) &&
($installed_total == $version_check)) {
print "ok 6 $label\n";
$pass__total++;
}
else {
print "not ok 6 $label\n";
$error_total++;
}
$tests_total++;
# Final report (rather than feed ousrselves to Test::Harness::runtests()
# we simply format some output on our own to keep things simple and
# easier to "fix" - at least for now.
if ($error_total == 0 && $tests_total) {
print "All tests successful.\n";
} elsif ($tests_total==0){
die "FAILED--no tests were run for some reason.\n";
} else {
my $rate = 0.0;
if ($tests_total > 0) { $rate = sprintf "%.2f", 100.0 * ($pass__total / $tests_total); }
printf " %d/%d subtests failed, %.2f%% okay.\n",
$error_total, $tests_total, $rate;
}
=head1 NAME
perlivp - Perl Installation Verification Procedure
=head1 SYNOPSIS
B<perlivp> [B<-p>] [B<-v>] [B<-h>]
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The B<perlivp> program is set up at Perl source code build time to test the
Perl version it was built under. It can be used after running:
make install
(or your platform's equivalent procedure) to verify that B<perl> and its
libraries have been installed correctly. A correct installation is verified
by output that looks like:
ok 1
ok 2
etc.
=head1 OPTIONS
=over 5
=item B<-h> help
Prints out a brief help message.
=item B<-p> print preface
Gives a description of each test prior to performing it.
=item B<-v> verbose
Gives more detailed information about each test, after it has been performed.
Note that any failed tests ought to print out some extra information whether
or not -v is thrown.
=back
=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
=over 4
=item * print "# Perl binary '$perlpath' does not appear executable.\n";
Likely to occur for a perl binary that was not properly installed.
Correct by conducting a proper installation.
=item * print "# Perl version '$]' installed, expected $ivp_VERSION.\n";
Likely to occur for a perl that was not properly installed.
Correct by conducting a proper installation.
=item * print "# Perl \@INC directory '$_' does not appear to exist.\n";
Likely to occur for a perl library tree that was not properly installed.
Correct by conducting a proper installation.
=item * print "# Needed module '$_' does not appear to be properly installed.\n";
One of the two modules that is used by perlivp was not present in the
installation. This is a serious error since it adversely affects perlivp's
ability to function. You may be able to correct this by performing a
proper perl installation.
=item * print "# Required module '$_' does not appear to be properly installed.\n";
An attempt to C<eval "require $module"> failed, even though the list of
extensions indicated that it should succeed. Correct by conducting a proper
installation.
=item * print "# Unnecessary module 'bLuRfle' appears to be installed.\n";
This test not coming out ok could indicate that you have in fact installed
a bLuRfle.pm module or that the C<eval " require \"$module_name.pm\"; ">
test may give misleading results with your installation of perl. If yours
is the latter case then please let the author know.
=item * print "# file",+($#missing == 0) ? '' : 's'," missing from installation:\n";
One or more files turned up missing according to a run of
C<ExtUtils::Installed -E<gt> validate()> over your installation.
Correct by conducting a proper installation.
=back
For further information on how to conduct a proper installation consult the
INSTALL file that comes with the perl source and the README file for your
platform.
=head1 AUTHOR
Peter Prymmer
=cut
Youez - 2016 - github.com/yon3zu
LinuXploit