Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/bash
VERBOSITY=0
TEMP_D=""
UMOUNTS=( )
QEMU_DISCONNECT=""
CR=$'\n'
TAB=$'\t'
error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
Usage() {
cat <<EOF
Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] file cmd [ args ]
mount a file to a temporary mount point and then
invoke the provided cmd with args
supported 'file' are:
file : any disk format supported by qemu-nbd
the temporary mountpoint will be put in an a environment variable
named MOUNTPOINT.
if any of the arguments are the literal string '_MOUNTPOINT_', then
they will be replaced with the mount point. Example:
${0##*/} my.img chroot _MOUNTPOINT_ /bin/sh
Additionally, the helper program 'mchroot' will be added to the path
and can be used effectively as 'chroot _MOUNTPOINT_':
${0##*/} my.img mchroot
options:
-v | --verbose increase verbosity
-h | --help print this message.
--read-only use read-only mount.
-C | --cd-mountpoint change dir to mountpoint before executing cmd.
-m | --mountpoint MP mount to directory MP rather than a temp dir
--overlay mount via overlayfs
-P | --partition PARTNUM mount partition PARTNUM (default 'auto')
if 'auto', then mount part 1 if image is
partitioned otherwise mount image
-p | --proc bind mount /proc
-s | --sys bind mount /sys
-d | --dev bind mount /dev
--system-mounts bind mount /sys, /proc, /dev
--system-resolvconf copy host's resolvconf into /etc/resolvconf
--format FMT specify the format of the image.
default is to automatically determine
EOF
}
# umount_r(mp) : unmount any filesystems under r
# this is useful to unmount a chroot that had sys, proc ... mounted
umount_r() {
local p
for p in "$@"; do
[ -n "$p" ] || continue
tac /proc/mounts | sh -c '
p=$1
didumount=0
while read s mp t opt a b ; do
[ "${mp}" = "${p}" -o "${mp#${p}/}" != "${mp}" ] ||
continue
umount "$mp" || exit 1
didumount=1
done
[ $didumount -eq 1 ] || exit 1
exit 0' umount_r "${p%/}"
[ $? -eq 0 ] || return
done
}
bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
disconnect_qemu() {
[ -n "$QEMU_DISCONNECT" ] || return 0
local out="" nbd="$QEMU_DISCONNECT"
debug 1 "disconnecting $nbd"
local pid="" pfile="/sys/block/${nbd#/dev/}/pid"
{ read pid < "$pfile" ; } >/dev/null 2>&1
[ -n "$pid" -a ! -d "/proc/$pid" ] &&
error "qemu-nbd process seems to have died. was '$pid'"
out=$(qemu-nbd --disconnect "$nbd" 2>&1) &&
QEMU_DISCONNECT="" || {
error "failed to disconnect $nbd";
error "$out"
return 1;
}
}
do_umounts() {
local um="" fails=0 mydir="$PWD/" mounts="" i=0
mounts=( "$@" )
for((i=${#mounts[@]}-1;i>=0;i--)); do
um=${mounts[$i]}
um=$(readlink -f "$um") || {
error "WARNING: failed to get full path to '$um'";
fails=$(($fails+1))
continue;
}
[ "${mydir#${um}/}" != "${mydir}" ] && {
error "WARNING: leaving '$mydir' to unmount $um";
cd /
}
umount_r "$um" || {
error "WARNING: unmounting filesystem at $um failed!"
fails=$(($fails+1))
}
done
return $fails
}
cleanup() {
if [ "${#UMOUNTS[@]}" -ne 0 ]; then
debug 2 "umounts: ${UMOUNTS[*]}"
do_umounts "${UMOUNTS[@]}"
fi
disconnect_qemu
[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] ||
rm --one-file-system -Rf "${TEMP_D}" ||
error "removal of temp dir failed!"
}
debug() {
local level="$1"; shift;
[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
error "${@}"
}
get_image_format() {
local img="$1" out=""
out=$(qemu-img info "$img") &&
out=$(echo "$out" | awk '$0 ~ /^file format:/ { print $3 }') &&
_RET="$out"
}
get_partition() {
# return in _RET the 'auto' partition for a image.
# _RET=partition number for a partitioned image
# _RET=0 for unpartitioned
local img="$1"
out=$(LANG=C sfdisk --list -uS "$img" 2>&1) || {
error "failed determining if partitioned: $out";
return 1;
}
if echo "$out" | grep -q 'Device.*Start.*End'; then
_RET=1
else
_RET=0
fi
}
add_bin() {
cat > "$1" || { error "failed to write to $1"; return 1; }
chmod 755 "$1" || { error "failed to set perms on $1"; return 1; }
}
add_helpers() {
local d="$1"
local umap="$1" gmap="$2"
[ -d "$1" ] || mkdir -p "$1"
add_bin "$d/mchroot" <<"EOF" || return 1
#!/bin/sh
exec chroot "$MOUNTPOINT" "$@"
EOF
return
}
mount_overlay() {
local lower="$1" upper="$2" workdir="$3"
local olayopts="lowerdir=$lower,upperdir=$upper"
# 3.18+ require 'workdir=' option.
case "$(uname -r)" in
2*|3.1[01234567]*|3.[0-9].*) :;;
*) olayopts="${olayopts},workdir=$workdir"
mkdir -p "$workdir" ||
{ _ERR="Failed to create workdir '$workdir'"; return 1; }
;;
esac
local cmd="" fstype="" ret="" out="" fsfile="/proc/filesystems"
_ERR=""
for fstype in overlay overlayfs; do
cmd=( mount -t "$fstype" -o "$olayopts" "$lower" "$upper" )
debug 2 "attempting '$fstype' mount with: ${cmd[*]}"
out=$("${cmd[@]}" 2>&1)
ret=$?
if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
debug 1 "mounted '$fstype' via $fstype: ${cmd[*]}"
return 0
fi
_ERR="${_ERR}Failed [$ret]: ${cmd[*]}:${CR}"
_ERR="${_ERR}$out${CR}"
if [ -r "$fsfile" ] && grep -q "${TAB}${fstype}$" "$fsfile"; then
# this failed and we have support in kernel. do not try further.
return $ret
fi
done
return $ret
}
assert_nbd_support() {
if [ ! -e /sys/block/nbd0 ] && ! grep -q nbd /proc/modules; then
debug 1 "trying to load nbd module"
modprobe nbd >/dev/null 2>&1
udevadm settle >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
[ -e /sys/block/nbd0 ] || {
error "Cannot use nbd: no nbd kernel support."
return 1;
}
}
find_unused_nbd() {
# return a path to an unused nbd device (/dev/nbd?)
local f roflag=""
for f in /sys/block/nbd*; do
[ -d "$f" -a ! -f "$f/pid" ] &&
{ _RET="/dev/${f##*/}"; return 0; }
done
error "failed to find an nbd device"
return 1;
}
connect_nbd() {
local img="$1" fmt="$2" ptnum="${3:-auto}" rwmode="${3:-ro}"
local nbd="" pidfile="" pid="" cmd="" ret="" roflag="" nptnum="" i=""
if [ "$rwmode" = "ro" ]; then
roflag="--read-only"
fi
# yes, there is a race condition here.
find_unused_nbd || return
nbd="$_RET"
cmd=( qemu-nbd $roflag "--format=$fmt" --connect "$nbd" "$img" )
"${cmd[@]}" && QEMU_DISCONNECT="$nbd"
ret=$?
if [ $ret -ne 0 ]; then
error "Failed [$ret]: $*"
return $ret
fi
pidfile="/sys/block/${nbd#/dev/}/pid"
if [ ! -f "$pidfile" ]; then
debug 1 "waiting on pidfile for $nbd in $pidfile"
i=0
while [ ! -f "$pidfile" ] && i=$(($i+1)); do
if [ $i -eq 200 ]; then
error "giving up on pidfile $pidfile for $nbd"
disconnect_qemu
return 1
fi
sleep .1
debug 2 "."
done
fi
read pid < "$pidfile" && debug 2 "pid for $nbd is $pid" || {
error "reading pid from $pidfile for $nbd failed!";
disconnect_qemu
return 1
}
debug 1 "connected $img_in ($fmt) ${rwmode} to $nbd. waiting for device."
local out=""
# This can fail due to udev events, but we ignore that. We need to ensure
# it happens for where it doesnt happen automatically (LP: #1741300)
out=$(blockdev --rereadpt "$nbd" 2>&1) ||
debug 1 "blockdev rereadpt $nbd failed"
udevadm settle
i=0
while i=$(($i+1)); do
get_partition "$nbd" && nptnum="$_RET" && break
[ $i -eq 40 ] && {
error "gave up on $nbd"
disconnect_qemu
return 1
}
[ $(($i%10)) -eq 0 ] &&
debug 1 "waiting for $nbd to be ready."
sleep .1
done
if [ "${ptnum}" = "auto" ]; then
if [ "$nptnum" = "0" ]; then
debug 1 "unpartitioned disk."
else
debug 1 "partitioned disk."
fi
ptnum=$nptnum
else
if [ "$nptnum" = "0" -a "$ptnum" != "0" ]; then
error "img $img does not appear partitioned but ptnum=$ptnum provided."
return 1
fi
fi
if [ "$ptnum" -ne 0 ]; then
mdev="${nbd}p${ptnum}"
else
mdev="${nbd}"
fi
i=0
while :; do
[ -b "$mdev" ] && break
i=$(($i+1))
[ $i -eq 100 ] && {
error "gave up on waiting for $mdev"
disconnect_qemu
return 1
}
[ $(($i%10)) -eq 0 ] &&
debug 1 "waiting for $mdev part=$ptnum to be ready."
sleep .1
done
_RET_NBD="$nbd"
_RET_PT="$ptnum"
_RET_DEV="$mdev"
}
mount_nbd() {
local img="$1" mp="$2" fmt="$3" ptnum="$4" rwmode="${5:-rw}" opts="$6"
if [ -z "$fmt" ]; then
get_image_format "$img" && fmt="$_RET" || {
error "failed to get image format for '$img' (try --format)"
return 1
}
fi
assert_nbd_support || return
connect_nbd "$img" "$fmt" "$ptnum" "$rwmode" || return
local ptnum="$_RET_PT" mdev="$_RET_DEV" nbd="$_RET_NBD"
if ( set -f; mount -o "$rwmode" $opts "$mdev" "$img_mp" ); then
debug 1 "mounted $mdev via qemu-nbd $nbd at $img_mp"
else
error "failed to mount $mdev"
return 1
fi
}
mount_callback_umount() {
local img_in="$1" dev="" out="" mp="" ret="" img="" readonly=false
local opts="" bmounts="" system_resolvconf=false ptnum=auto
local cd_mountpoint=false fmt="" overlay=false rwmode="rw"
local img_mp=""
short_opts="Cdhm:P:psSv"
long_opts="cd-mountpoint,dev,help,format:,mountpoint:,overlay,partition:,proc,read-only,sys,system-mounts,system-resolvconf,verbose"
getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
eval set -- "${getopt_out}" ||
{ bad_Usage; return 1; }
while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
cur=${1}; next=${2};
case "$cur" in
-C|--cd-mountpoint) cd_mountpoint=true;;
-d|--dev) bmounts="${bmounts:+${bmounts} }/dev";;
--format) fmt=$next;;
-h|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
-m|--mountpoint) mp=$next;;
-P|--partition) ptnum=$next;;
--overlay) overlay=true;;
-p|--proc) bmounts="${bmounts:+${bmounts} }/proc";;
-s|--sys) bmounts="${bmounts:+${bmounts} }/sys";;
-S|--system-mounts) bmounts="/dev /proc /sys";;
--system-resolvconf) system_resolvconf=true;;
-v|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
--opts) opts="${opts} $next"; shift;;
--read-only) readonly=true; rwmode="ro";;
--) shift; break;;
esac
shift;
done
[ $# -ge 2 ] || { bad_Usage "must provide image and cmd"; return 1; }
$readonly && { $system_resolvconf && ! $overlay; } && {
error "--read-only is incompatible with system-resolvconf";
error "maybe try with --overlay"
return 1;
}
img_in="$1"
shift 1
if [ "${img_in#lxd:}" != "${img_in}" -a ! -f "${img_in}" ]; then
error "${img_in}: lxd is no longer supported."
return 1;
fi
img=$(readlink -f "$img_in") ||
{ error "failed to get full path to $img_in"; return 1; }
[ -f "$img" ] ||
{ error "$img: not a file"; return 1; }
[ "$(id -u)" = "0" ] ||
{ error "sorry, must be root"; return 1; }
trap cleanup EXIT
TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") ||
{ error "failed to make tempdir"; return 1; }
if [ -z "$mp" ]; then
mp="${TEMP_D}/mp"
mkdir "$mp" || return
else
[ -d "$mp" ] ||
{ error "mountpoint '$mp': not a directory"; return 1; }
mp=$(readlink -f "$mp") || {
error "failed to get full path to provided mountpoint";
return 1;
}
fi
if $overlay; then
img_mp="${TEMP_D}/underlay"
mkdir -p "$img_mp" || return
else
img_mp=$mp
fi
out=""
if [ "$ptnum" = "auto" -o "$ptnum" = "0" ] &&
out=$(set -f; mount -o "loop,$rwmode" $opts "$img" "$img_mp" 2>&1); then
debug 1 "mounted simple fs image $rwmode in '$img_in' at $img_mp"
UMOUNTS[${#UMOUNTS[@]}]="$img_mp"
else
local hasqemu=false
command -v "qemu-nbd" >/dev/null 2>&1 && hasqemu=true
if ! $hasqemu; then
error "simple mount of '$img_in' failed."
error "if this is not a simple unpartitioned raw image, then"
error "you must have qemu-nbd (apt-get install qemu-utils)"
if [ -n "$out" ]; then
error "mount failed with: $out"
fi
return 1
fi
mount_nbd "$img" "$img_mp" "$fmt" "$ptnum" "$rwmode" "$opts" || return
UMOUNTS[${#UMOUNTS[@]}]="$img_mp"
fi
if $overlay; then
mount_overlay "$img_mp" "$mp" "${TEMP_D}/workdir" || {
[ -n "${_ERR}" ] && error "${_ERR}"
error "Unable to mount overlay filesystem. Maybe no kernel support?"
return 1
}
UMOUNTS[${#UMOUNTS[@]}]="$mp"
fi
local bindmp=""
for bindmp in $bmounts; do
[ -d "$mp${bindmp}" ] || mkdir "$mp${bindmp}" ||
{ error "failed mkdir $bindmp in mount"; return 1; }
mount --bind "$bindmp" "$mp${bindmp}" ||
{ error "failed bind mount '$bindmp'"; return 1; }
UMOUNTS[${#UMOUNTS[@]}]="$mp${bindmp}"
debug 1 "mounted $bindmp to $mp${bindmp}"
done
if ${system_resolvconf}; then
local rcf="$mp/etc/resolv.conf"
debug 1 "replacing /etc/resolvconf"
if [ -e "$rcf" -o -L "$rcf" ]; then
local trcf="$rcf.${0##*/}.$$"
rm -f "$trcf" &&
mv "$rcf" "$trcf" && ORIG_RESOLVCONF="$trcf" ||
{ error "failed mv $rcf"; return 1; }
fi
cp "/etc/resolv.conf" "$rcf" ||
{ error "failed copy /etc/resolv.conf"; return 1; }
fi
local cmd="" arg="" found=false
cmd=( )
for arg in "$@"; do
if [ "${arg}" = "_MOUNTPOINT_" ]; then
debug 1 "replaced string _MOUNTPOINT_ in arguments arg ${#cmd[@]}"
arg=$mp
fi
cmd[${#cmd[@]}]="$arg"
done
if [ "${cmd[0]##*/}" = "bash" -o "${cmd[0]##*/}" = "sh" ] &&
[ ${#cmd[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
debug 1 "invoking shell ${cmd[0]}"
error "MOUNTPOINT=$mp"
fi
add_helpers "$TEMP_D/bin" "$SUBUID" "$SUBGID" || {
error "failed to add helpers to $TEMP_D";
return 1;
}
PATH="$TEMP_D/bin:$PATH"
local startwd="$PWD"
debug 1 "invoking: MOUNTPOINT=$mp" "${cmd[@]}"
${cd_mountpoint} && cd "$mp"
MOUNTPOINT="$mp" "${cmd[@]}"
ret=$?
cd "$startwd"
if ${system_resolvconf}; then
local rcf="$mp/etc/resolv.conf"
cmp --quiet "/etc/resolv.conf" "$rcf" >/dev/null ||
error "WARN: /etc/resolv.conf changed in image!"
rm "$rcf" &&
{ [ -z "$ORIG_RESOLVCONF" ] || mv "$ORIG_RESOLVCONF" "$rcf"; } ||
{ error "failed to restore /etc/resolv.conf"; return 1; }
fi
debug 1 "cmd returned $ret. unmounting $mp"
do_umounts "${UMOUNTS[@]}" && UMOUNTS=( ) ||
{ error "failed umount $img"; return 1; }
if [ -n "$QEMU_DISCONNECT" ]; then
disconnect_qemu || return 1;
fi
return $ret
}
mount_callback_umount "$@"
# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab
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