Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/bin/sh
# -*- Mode: Sh -*-
# lcf ---
# Author : Manoj Srivastava ( srivasta@glaurung.green-gryphon.com )
# Created On : Mon Feb 25 12:04:52 2002
# Created On Node : glaurung.green-gryphon.com
# Last Modified By : Manoj Srivastava
# Last Modified On : Mon Feb 25 12:06:54 2002
# Last Machine Used: glaurung.green-gryphon.com
# Update Count : 2
# Status : Unknown, Use with caution!
# HISTORY :
# Description :
#
#
# make sure we exit on error
set -e
# set the version and revision
progname="$(basename $0)"
pversion='Revision: 3.00'
######################################################################
######## #########
######## Utility functions #########
######## #########
######################################################################
setq() {
# Variable Value Doc_string
if [ "x$2" = "x" ]; then
echo >&2 "$progname: Unable to determine $3"
exit 1;
else
if [ "x$VERBOSE" != "x" ]; then
echo "$progname: $3 is $2";
fi
eval "$1=\"\$2\"";
fi
}
withecho () {
echo "$@" >&2
"$@"
}
usageversion () {
cat >&2 <<END
Debian GNU/Linux $progname $pversion.
Copyright (C) 2002 Manoj Srivastava.
This is free software; see the GNU General Public Licence for copying
conditions. There is NO warranty.
Usage: $progname [options] dest_file src_dir
Options:
-h, --help print this message
-s foo, --src-dir foo Set the src dir (historical md5sums live here)
-d [n], --debug [n] Set the Debug level to N
-n, --no-action Dry run. No action is actually taken.
-v, --verbose Make the script verbose
By default, the directory the new_file lives in is assumed to be the src-dir,
which is where we look for any historical md5sums.
END
}
######################################################################
######## #########
######## Command line args #########
######## #########
######################################################################
#
# Long term variables#
#
docmd='YES'
action='withecho'
DEBUG=0
VERBOSE=''
statedir='/var/lib/ucf';
# Note that we use `"$@"' to let each command-line parameter expand to a
# separate word. The quotes around `$@' are essential!
# We need TEMP as the `eval set --' would nuke the return value of getopt.
TEMP=$(getopt -o hs:d:D::nv -n "$progname" \
--long help,src-dir:,dest-dir:DEBUG::,no-action,verbose \
-- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then
echo "Error handling options.Terminating..." >&2 ;
exit 1 ;
fi
# Note the quotes around `$TEMP': they are essential!
eval set -- "$TEMP"
while true ; do
case "$1" in
-h|--help) usageversion; exit 0 ;;
-n|--no-action) action='echo'; docmd='NO'; shift ;;
-v|--verbose) VERBOSE=1; shift ;;
-s|--src-dir)
opt_source_dir="$2"; shift 2 ;;
-d|--debug)
# d has an optional argument. As we are in quoted mode,
# an empty parameter will be generated if its optional
# argument is not found.
case "$2" in
"") setq DEBUG 1 "The Debug value"; shift 2 ;;
*) setq DEBUG "$2" "The Debug value"; shift 2 ;;
esac ;;
--) shift ; break ;;
*) echo "Internal error!" ; exit 1 ;;
esac
done
if [ $# != 2 ]; then
echo >&2 "*** ERROR: Need exactly two arguments, got $#";
echo >&2 ""
usageversion;
exit 0 ;
fi
setq dest_file "$1" "The Destination file";
setq source_dir "$2" "The source directory";
# Load site defaults and over rides.
if [ -f /etc/ucf.conf ]; then
. /etc/ucf.conf
fi
# Command line, env variable, config file, or default
if [ "X$source_dir" = "X" ]; then
if [ ! "x$opt_source_dir" = "x" ]; then
setq source_dir "$opt_source_dir" "The Source directory"
elif [ ! "x$UCF_SOURCE_DIR" = "x" ]; then
setq source_dir "$UCF_SOURCE_DIR" "The Source directory"
elif [ ! "x$conf_source_dir" = "x" ]; then
setq source_dir "$conf_source_dir" "The Source directory"
fi
fi
if [ ! -d "$source_dir" ]; then
echo >&2 "The source dir does not exist. Stopping now."
exit 2;
fi
if [ "X$dest_file" = "X" ]; then
echo >&2 "Uknown file to search for. Stopping now."
exit 2;
fi
old_mdsum_dir="$source_dir/$(basename ${new_file}).md5sum.d";
old_mdsum_file="$source_dir/$(basename ${new_file}).md5sum";
if [ -e "$statedir/hashfile" -a ! -r "$statedir/hashfile" ]; then
echo >&2 "$progname: do not have read privilege to the state data"
if [ "X$docmd" = "XYES" ]; then
exit 1;
fi
fi
# test and see if this file exists in the database
if [ -e "$statedir/hashfile" ]; then
if [ "X$VERBOSE" != "X" ]; then
echo >&2 "The hash file exists";
echo grep "[[:space:]]${dest_file}$" "$statedir/hashfile";
grep "[[:space:]]${dest_file}$" "$statedir/hashfile" ;
fi
lastsum=$(grep "[[:space:]]${dest_file}$" "$statedir/hashfile" | \
awk '{print $1;}' );
fi
if [ "X$lastsum" = "X" ]; then
echo >&2 "$progname: No record of file in databse. Stopping now."
exit 2;
fi
if [ $DEBUG -gt 0 ]; then
cat <<EOF
The new start file is \`$new_file\'
The destination is \`$dest_file\'
The history is kept under \'$source_dir\'
EOF
if [ -s "$dest_file" ]; then
echo "The destination file exists, and has md5sum:"
$action md5sum "$dest_file"
else
echo "The destination file does not exist."
fi
if [ "X$lastsum" != "X" ]; then
echo "The old md5sum exists, and is:"
echo "$lastsum"
else
echo "The old md5sum does not exist."
fi
if [ -e "$new_file" ]; then
echo "The new file exists, and has md5sum:"
$action md5sum "$new_file"
else
echo "The new file does not exist."
fi
if [ -d "$old_mdsum_dir" ]; then
echo "The historical md5sum dir $old_mdsum_dir exists"
elif [ -f "$old_mdsum_file" ]; then
echo "The histotical md5sum file $old_mdsum_file exists"
else
echo "Historical md5sums are not available"
fi
fi
if [ -d "$old_mdsum_dir" -o -f "$old_mdsum_file" ]; then
if [ -d "$old_mdsum_dir" ]; then
for file in ${old_mdsum_dir}/*; do
oldsum="$(awk '{print $1}' $file)";
if [ "$oldsum" = "$destsum" ]; then
# Bingo!
echo "$(awk '{print $2}' $file)";
exit 0;
fi
done
elif [ -f "$old_mdsum_file" ]; then
oldsum=$(grep "^${destsum}" "$old_mdsum_file")
if [ "X$oldsum" != "X" ]; then
# Bingo
echo $(grep "^${destsum}" "$old_mdsum_file" | awk '{print $2}')
exit 0;
fi
fi
# Well, nothing matched. We now check to see if the
# maintainer has an opinion on how to set the ``md5sum of the
# previously installed version'', since we have no way of
# determining that automatically. Please note that unless
# there are limited number of previously released packages
# (like just one), the maintainer is also making a guess at
# this point by supplying a historical md5sum default file.
if [ "X$VERBOSE" != "X" ]; then
echo >&2 "Histotical md5sums did not match."
fi
if [ -d "$old_mdsum_dir" ]; then
if [ -e "${old_mdsum_dir}/default" ]; then
echo default;
exit 0;
fi
elif [ -f "$old_mdsum_file" ]; then
oldsum=$(grep "[[:space:]]default$" "$old_mdsum_file" | \
awk '{print $1;}')
if [ "X$oldsum" != "X" ]; then
# Bingo
echo default;
exit 0;
fi
fi
fi
exit 0;
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