Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah
Keywords:
Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar
Abstract
Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.
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#!/usr/bin/python3
#
# Query and display EC2 metadata related to the AMI instance
# Copyright (c) 2009 Canonical Ltd. (Canonical Contributor Agreement 2.5)
#
# Author: Alon Swartz <alon@turnkeylinux.org>
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import sys
import time
import getopt
import socket
import os
try:
from urllib import request as urllib_request
from urllib import error as urllib_error
from urllib import parse as urllib_parse
except ImportError as e:
# python2
import urllib2 as urllib_request
import urllib2 as urllib_error
import urlparse as urllib_parse
instdata_host = "169.254.169.254"
instdata_ver = "2009-04-04"
instdata_url = "http://%s/%s" % (instdata_host, instdata_ver)
token_path = "latest/api/token"
token_ttl_seconds = 60
token_request_timeout_seconds = 5
__doc__ = """
Query and display EC2 metadata.
If no options are provided, all options will be displayed
Options:
-h --help show this help
--kernel-id display the kernel id
--ramdisk-id display the ramdisk id
--reservation-id display the reservation id
--ami-id display the ami id
--ami-launch-index display the ami launch index
--ami-manifest-path display the ami manifest path
--ancestor-ami-ids display the ami ancestor id
--product-codes display the ami associated product codes
--availability-zone display the ami placement zone
--instance-id display the instance id
--instance-type display the instance type
--local-hostname display the local hostname
--public-hostname display the public hostname
--local-ipv4 display the local ipv4 ip address
--public-ipv4 display the public ipv4 ip address
--block-device-mapping display the block device id
--security-groups display the security groups
--mac display the instance mac address
--profile display the instance profile
--instance-action display the instance-action
--public-keys display the openssh public keys
--user-data display the user data (not actually metadata)
-u | --url URL use URL (default: %s)
""" % instdata_url
METAOPTS = ['ami-id', 'ami-launch-index', 'ami-manifest-path',
'ancestor-ami-ids', 'availability-zone', 'block-device-mapping',
'instance-action', 'instance-id', 'instance-type',
'local-hostname', 'local-ipv4', 'kernel-id', 'mac',
'profile', 'product-codes', 'public-hostname', 'public-ipv4',
'public-keys', 'ramdisk-id', 'reserveration-id', 'security-groups',
'user-data']
binstdout = os.fdopen(sys.stdout.fileno(), 'wb')
def print_binary(data):
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
data = data.encode()
binstdout.write(data)
binstdout.flush()
class Error(Exception):
pass
class EC2Metadata:
"""Class for querying metadata from EC2"""
def __init__(self, burl=instdata_url):
self.burl = burl
s = urllib_parse.urlsplit(burl)
addr = s.netloc.split(":")[0]
port = s.port
if s.port is None:
port = 80
if not self._test_connectivity(addr, port):
raise Error("could not establish connection to: %s:%s" %
(addr, port))
self._get_api_token()
@staticmethod
def _test_connectivity(addr, port):
for i in range(6):
s = socket.socket()
try:
s.connect((addr, port))
s.close()
return True
except socket.error as e:
time.sleep(1)
return False
def _get_api_token(self, ttl=token_ttl_seconds,
timeout=token_request_timeout_seconds):
"""Return an (possibly dummy) API token"""
token_req_method = 'PUT'
headers = {
'X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds': ttl
}
url = "http://{}/{}".format(instdata_host, token_path)
req = urllib_request.Request(url, headers=headers,
method=token_req_method)
ctx = urllib_request.urlopen(req, timeout=timeout)
if ctx.getcode() == 404:
# we don't appear to be running on ec2
self.api_token = None
elif ctx.getcode() == 200:
self.api_token = ctx.read()
return
raise Error("Could not retrieve API token: Error={}", (ctx.getcode()))
def _get(self, uri, decode=True):
url = "%s/%s" % (self.burl, uri)
headers = {}
if self.api_token:
headers['X-aws-ec2-metadata-token'] = self.api_token
try:
resp = urllib_request.urlopen(
urllib_request.Request(url, headers=headers))
value = resp.read()
if decode:
value = value.decode()
except urllib_error.HTTPError as e:
if e.code == 404:
return None
# Eucalyptus may raise a 500 (Internal Server Error)
if e.code == 500:
return None
raise
return value
def get(self, metaopt):
"""return value of metaopt"""
if metaopt not in METAOPTS:
raise Error('unknown metaopt', metaopt, METAOPTS)
if metaopt == 'availability-zone':
return self._get('meta-data/placement/availability-zone')
if metaopt == 'public-keys':
data = self._get('meta-data/public-keys')
if data is None:
return None
keyids = [line.split('=')[0] for line in data.splitlines()]
public_keys = []
for keyid in keyids:
uri = 'meta-data/public-keys/%d/openssh-key' % int(keyid)
public_keys.append(self._get(uri).rstrip())
return public_keys
if metaopt == 'user-data':
return self._get('user-data', decode=False)
return self._get('meta-data/' + metaopt)
def get(metaopt):
"""primitive: return value of metaopt"""
m = EC2Metadata()
return m.get(metaopt)
def display(metaopts, burl, prefix=False):
"""primitive: display metaopts (list) values with optional prefix"""
m = EC2Metadata(burl)
for metaopt in metaopts:
value = m.get(metaopt)
if not value:
value = "unavailable"
if prefix:
print("%s: %s" % (metaopt, value))
elif metaopt == "user-data":
# We want to avoid binary blob corruption while printing as string
print_binary(value)
else:
print(value)
def usage(s=None):
"""display usage and exit"""
msg = ""
if s:
msg = "Error: %s\n" % s
msg += "Syntax: %s [options]\n" % sys.argv[0]
msg += __doc__
sys.stderr.write(msg + "\n")
sys.exit(1)
def main():
"""handle cli options"""
try:
getopt_metaopts = METAOPTS[:]
getopt_metaopts.append('help')
getopt_metaopts.append('url=')
opts, args = getopt.gnu_getopt(sys.argv[1:], "hu:", getopt_metaopts)
except getopt.GetoptError as e:
usage(e)
burl = instdata_url
metaopts = []
prefix = False
for opt, val in opts:
if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
usage()
if opt in ('-u', '--url'):
burl = val
continue
metaopts.append(opt.replace('--', ''))
if len(metaopts) == 0:
prefix = True
metaopts = METAOPTS
display(metaopts, burl, prefix)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# vi: ts=4 expandtab
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