Efektivitas Strategi Ta’bir Mushawwar dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah

  • Nuur Mahmudah Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
  • Khairunnisa Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37850/ibtida'.v5i2.817
Keywords: Arabic; speaking skill; ta’bir mushawwar

Abstract

Speaking proficiency is one of the main skills in Arabic language learning, but fourth grade students of MI TPI Keramat face difficulties in assembling mufradat and practicing active conversation, mainly due to the lack of varied learning strategies. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the ta'bir mushawwar strategy, which uses picture as a media to facilitate students in constructing sentences and telling stories, in improving Arabic speaking skills. With a quantitative approach and pre-experiment design, this study involved 18 students of class IV-C. Data were collected through tests, observations, and interviews, then analyzed descriptively and N-Gain test. The posttest average was 83.06 (very good category) with 88.9% completeness, and the N-Gain score was 0.6398 which showed effectiveness in the medium category. The ta'bir mushawwar strategy offers a solution in the form of a visual and hands-on learning approach that can significantly improve students' speaking skills and make learning more interesting and interactive.

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Current File : /bin/X11/debconf-apt-progress
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
# This file was preprocessed, do not edit!


use strict;
use POSIX;
use Fcntl;
use Getopt::Long;
use Debconf::Client::ConfModule ();

my ($config, $start, $from, $to, $stop);
my $progress=1;
my $dlwaypoint=15;
my ($logfile, $logstderr);
my $had_frontend;

sub checkopen (@) {
	my $file = $_[0];
	my $fd = POSIX::open($file, &POSIX::O_RDONLY);
	defined $fd or die "$0: can't open $_[0]: $!\n";
	return $fd;
}

sub checkclose ($) {
	my $fd = $_[0];
	unless (POSIX::close($fd)) {
		return if $! == &POSIX::EBADF;
		die "$0: can't close fd $fd: $!\n";
	}
}

sub checkdup2 ($$) {
	my ($oldfd, $newfd) = @_;
	checkclose($newfd);
	POSIX::dup2($oldfd, $newfd)
		or die "$0: can't dup fd $oldfd to $newfd: $!\n";
}

sub nocloexec (*) {
	my $fh = shift;
	my $flags = fcntl($fh, F_GETFD, 0);
	fcntl($fh, F_SETFD, $flags & ~FD_CLOEXEC);
}

sub nonblock (*) {
	my $fh = shift;
	my $flags = fcntl($fh, F_GETFL, 0);
	fcntl($fh, F_SETFL, $flags | O_NONBLOCK);
}

sub reservefds (@) {
	my $null = checkopen('/dev/null');
	my $close = 1;
	for my $fd (@_) {
		if ($null == $fd) {
			$close = 0;
		} else {
			checkclose($fd);
			checkdup2($null, $fd);
		}
	}
	if ($close) {
		checkclose($null);
	}
}

sub envnonempty ($) {
	my $name = shift;
	return (exists $ENV{$name} and $ENV{$name} ne '');
}

sub start_debconf (@) {
	if (! $ENV{DEBIAN_HAS_FRONTEND}) {
		if (envnonempty('DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE')) {
			$ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_REPLACE} =
				$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE};
		}
		if (envnonempty('DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE')) {
			$ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_OVERRIDE} =
				$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE};
		}

		$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE} = 'configdb';
		$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE} = 'Pipe{infd:none outfd:none}';

		$ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_NO_FRONTEND} = 1;

		@ARGV = @_;
	}

	import Debconf::Client::ConfModule;
}

sub passthrough (@) {
	my $priority = Debconf::Client::ConfModule::get('debconf/priority');

	defined(my $pid = fork) or die "$0: can't fork: $!\n";
	if (!$pid) {
		close STATUS_READ;
		close COMMAND_WRITE;
		close DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ;
		close DEBCONF_REPLY_WRITE;
		$^F = 6; # avoid close-on-exec
		if (fileno(COMMAND_READ) != 0) {
			checkdup2(fileno(COMMAND_READ), 0);
			close COMMAND_READ;
		}
		if (fileno(APT_LOG) != 1) {
			checkclose(1);
			checkdup2(fileno(APT_LOG), 1);
		}
		if (fileno(APT_LOG) != 2) {
			checkclose(2);
			checkdup2(fileno(APT_LOG), 2);
		}
		close APT_LOG;
		delete $ENV{DEBIAN_HAS_FRONTEND};
		delete $ENV{DEBCONF_REDIR};
		delete $ENV{DEBCONF_SYSTEMRC};
		delete $ENV{DEBCONF_PIPE}; # just in case ...
		$ENV{DEBIAN_FRONTEND} = 'passthrough';
		$ENV{DEBIAN_PRIORITY} = $priority;
		$ENV{DEBCONF_READFD} = 5;
		$ENV{DEBCONF_WRITEFD} = 6;
		$ENV{APT_LISTCHANGES_FRONTEND} = 'none';
		if ($had_frontend) {
			$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE} = 'configdb';
			$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE} = 'Pipe{infd:none outfd:none}';
		}
		exec @_;
	}

	close STATUS_WRITE;
	close COMMAND_READ;
	close DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE;
	close DEBCONF_REPLY_READ;
	return $pid;
}

sub handle_status ($$$) {
	my ($from, $to, $line) = @_;
	my ($status, $pkg, $percent, $description) = split ':', $line, 4;

	my ($min, $len);
	if ($status eq 'dlstatus') {
		$min = 0;
		$len = $dlwaypoint;
	}
	elsif ($status eq 'pmstatus') {
		$min = $dlwaypoint;
		$len = 100 - $dlwaypoint;
	}
	elsif ($status eq 'media-change') {
		Debconf::Client::ConfModule::subst(
			'debconf-apt-progress/media-change', 'MESSAGE',
			$description);
		my @ret = Debconf::Client::ConfModule::input(
			'critical', 'debconf-apt-progress/media-change');
		$ret[0] == 0 or die "Can't display media change request!\n";
		Debconf::Client::ConfModule::go();
		print COMMAND_WRITE "\n" || die "can't talk to command fd: $!";
		return;
	}
	else {
		return;
	}

	$percent = ($percent * $len / 100 + $min);
	$percent = ($percent * ($to - $from) / 100 + $from);
	$percent =~ s/\..*//;
	if ($progress) {
		my @ret=Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress('SET', $percent);
		if ($ret[0] eq '30') {
			cancel();
		}
	}
	Debconf::Client::ConfModule::subst(
		'debconf-apt-progress/info', 'DESCRIPTION', $description);
	my @ret=Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress(
		'INFO', 'debconf-apt-progress/info');
	if ($ret[0] eq '30') {
		cancel();
	}
}

sub handle_debconf_command ($) {
	my $line = shift;

	print "$line\n" || die "can't write to stdout: $!";
	my $ret = <STDIN>;
	chomp $ret;
	print DEBCONF_REPLY_WRITE "$ret\n" ||
		die "can't write to DEBCONF_REPLY_WRITE: $!";
}

my $pid;
sub run_progress ($$@) {
	my $from = shift;
	my $to = shift;
	my $command = shift;
	local (*STATUS_READ, *STATUS_WRITE);
	local (*COMMAND_READ, *COMMAND_WRITE);
	local (*DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ, *DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE);
	local (*DEBCONF_REPLY_READ, *DEBCONF_REPLY_WRITE);
	local *APT_LOG;
	use IO::Handle;

	if ($progress) {
		my @ret=Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress(
			'INFO', 'debconf-apt-progress/preparing');
		if ($ret[0] eq '30') {
			cancel();
			return 30;
		}
	}

	reservefds(4, 5, 6);

	pipe STATUS_READ, STATUS_WRITE
		or die "$0: can't create status pipe: $!";
	nonblock(\*STATUS_READ);
	checkdup2(fileno(STATUS_WRITE), 4);
	open STATUS_WRITE, '>&=4'
		or die "$0: can't reopen STATUS_WRITE as fd 4: $!";
	nocloexec(\*STATUS_WRITE);

	pipe COMMAND_READ, COMMAND_WRITE
		or die "$0: can't create command pipe: $!";
	nocloexec(\*COMMAND_READ);
	COMMAND_WRITE->autoflush(1);

	pipe DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ, DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE
		or die "$0: can't create debconf command pipe: $!";
	nonblock(\*DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ);
	checkdup2(fileno(DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE), 6);
	open DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE, '>&=6'
		or die "$0: can't reopen DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE as fd 6: $!";
	nocloexec(\*DEBCONF_COMMAND_WRITE);

	pipe DEBCONF_REPLY_READ, DEBCONF_REPLY_WRITE
		or die "$0: can't create debconf reply pipe: $!";
	checkdup2(fileno(DEBCONF_REPLY_READ), 5);
	open DEBCONF_REPLY_READ, '<&=5'
		or die "$0: can't reopen DEBCONF_REPLY_READ as fd 5: $!";
	nocloexec(\*DEBCONF_REPLY_READ);
	DEBCONF_REPLY_WRITE->autoflush(1);

	if (defined $logfile) {
		open APT_LOG, '>>', $logfile
			or die "$0: can't open $logfile: $!";
	} elsif ($logstderr) {
		open APT_LOG, '>&STDERR'
			or die "$0: can't duplicate stderr: $!";
	} else {
		open APT_LOG, '>', '/dev/null'
			or die "$0: can't open /dev/null: $!";
	}
	nocloexec(\*APT_LOG);

	$pid = passthrough $command,
		'-o', 'APT::Status-Fd=4',
		'-o', 'APT::Keep-Fds::=5',
		'-o', 'APT::Keep-Fds::=6',
		@_;

	my $status_eof = 0;
	my $debconf_command_eof = 0;
	my $status_buf = '';
	my $debconf_command_buf = '';

	while (not $status_eof) {
		my $rin = '';
		my $rout;
		vec($rin, fileno(STATUS_READ), 1) = 1;
		vec($rin, fileno(DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ), 1) = 1
			unless $debconf_command_eof;
		my $sel = select($rout = $rin, undef, undef, undef);
		if ($sel < 0) {
			next if $! == &POSIX::EINTR;
			die "$0: select failed: $!";
		}

		if (vec($rout, fileno(STATUS_READ), 1) == 1) {
			while (1) {
				my $r = sysread(STATUS_READ, $status_buf, 4096,
						length $status_buf);
				if (not defined $r) {
					next if $! == &POSIX::EINTR;
					last if $! == &POSIX::EAGAIN or
						$! == &POSIX::EWOULDBLOCK;
					die "$0: read STATUS_READ failed: $!";
				}
				elsif ($r == 0) {
					if ($status_buf ne '' and
					    $status_buf !~ /\n$/) {
						$status_buf .= "\n";
					}
					$status_eof = 1;
					last;
				}
				last if $status_buf =~ /\n/;
			}

			while ($status_buf =~ /\n/) {
				my $status_line;
				($status_line, $status_buf) =
					split /\n/, $status_buf, 2;
				handle_status $from, $to, $status_line;
			}
		}

		if (vec($rout, fileno(DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ), 1) == 1) {
			while (1) {
				my $r = sysread(DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ,
						$debconf_command_buf, 4096,
						length $debconf_command_buf);
				if (not defined $r) {
					next if $! == &POSIX::EINTR;
					last if $! == &POSIX::EAGAIN or
						$! == &POSIX::EWOULDBLOCK;
					die "$0: read DEBCONF_COMMAND_READ " .
					    "failed: $!";
				}
				elsif ($r == 0) {
					if ($debconf_command_buf ne '' and
					    $debconf_command_buf !~ /\n$/) {
						$debconf_command_buf .= "\n";
					}
					$debconf_command_eof = 1;
					last;
				}
				last if $debconf_command_buf =~ /\n/;
			}

			while ($debconf_command_buf =~ /\n/) {
				my $debconf_command_line;
				($debconf_command_line, $debconf_command_buf) =
					split /\n/, $debconf_command_buf, 2;
				handle_debconf_command $debconf_command_line;
			}
		}
	}

	waitpid $pid, 0;
	undef $pid;
	my $status = $?;

	if ($progress) {
		my @ret=Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress('SET', $to);
		if ($ret[0] eq '30') {
			cancel();
		}
	}

	if ($status & 127) {
		return 127;
	}

	return ($status >> 8);
}

my $cancelled=0;
my $cancel_sent_signal=0;
sub cancel () {
	$cancelled++;
	if (defined $pid) {
		$cancel_sent_signal++;
		if ($cancel_sent_signal == 1) {
			kill INT => $pid;
		}
		else {
			kill KILL => $pid;
		}
	}
}

sub start_bar ($$) {
	my ($from, $to) = @_;
	if ($progress) {
		Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress(
			'START', $from, $to, 'debconf-apt-progress/title');
		my @ret=Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress(
			'INFO', 'debconf-apt-progress/preparing');
		if ($ret[0] eq '30') {
			cancel();
		}
	}
}

sub stop_bar () {
	Debconf::Client::ConfModule::progress('STOP') if $progress;
	Debconf::Client::ConfModule::stop() unless $had_frontend;
}

if (envnonempty('DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_REPLACE')) {
	$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE} = $ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_REPLACE};
} else {
	delete $ENV{DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE};
}
if (envnonempty('DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_OVERRIDE')) {
	$ENV{DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE} = $ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_OVERRIDE};
} else {
	delete $ENV{DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE};
}
$had_frontend = 1 unless $ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_NO_FRONTEND};
delete $ENV{DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_NO_FRONTEND}; # avoid inheritance

my @saved_argv = @ARGV;

my $result = GetOptions('config'       => \$config,
			'start'        => \$start,
			'from=i'       => \$from,
			'to=i'         => \$to,
			'stop'         => \$stop,
			'logfile=s'    => \$logfile,
			'logstderr'    => \$logstderr,
			'progress!'    => \$progress,
			'dlwaypoint=i' => \$dlwaypoint,
);

if (! $progress && ($start || $from || $to || $stop)) {
	die "--no-progress cannot be used with --start, --from, --to, or --stop\n";
}

unless ($start) {
	if (defined $from and not defined $to) {
		die "$0: --from requires --to\n";
	} elsif (defined $to and not defined $from) {
		die "$0: --to requires --from\n";
	}
}

my $mutex = 0;
++$mutex if $config;
++$mutex if $start;
++$mutex if $stop;
if ($mutex > 1) {
	die "$0: must use only one of --config, --start, or --stop\n";
}

if (($config or $stop) and (defined $from or defined $to)) {
	die "$0: cannot use --from or --to with --config or --stop\n";
}

start_debconf(@saved_argv) unless $config;

my $status = 0;

if ($config) {
	print <<'EOF';
DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_REPLACE="$DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE"
DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_OVERRIDE="$DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE"
export DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_REPLACE DEBCONF_APT_PROGRESS_DB_OVERRIDE
DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE=configdb
DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE='Pipe{infd:none outfd:none}'
export DEBCONF_DB_REPLACE DEBCONF_DB_OVERRIDE
EOF
} elsif ($start) {
	$from = 0 unless defined $from;
	$to = 100 unless defined $to;
	start_bar($from, $to);
} elsif (defined $from) {
	$status = run_progress($from, $to, @ARGV);
} elsif ($stop) {
	stop_bar();
} else {
	start_bar(0, 100);
	if (! $cancelled) {
		$status = run_progress(0, 100, @ARGV);
		stop_bar();
	}
}

if ($cancelled) {
	Debconf::Client::ConfModule::get("debconf/priority");

	exit 30;
}
elsif ($status == 30) {
	exit 3;
}
else {
	exit $status;
}

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